Figure 5. In whole liver tissue, immune-related genes and pathways are upregulated in HFHC-fed Dpp4^–/– mice but unchanged in Dpp4^hep–/– mice.

Pathway scores of immunological pathways in liver tissue of (A) SLD-fed Dpp4^+/+ (n = 7) and Dpp4^–/– (n = 5) mice, (B) HFHC-fed Dpp4^+/+ (n = 11) and Dpp4^–/– (n = 6) mice, and (C) HFHC-fed Dpp4^GFP (n = 4) and Dpp4^hep–/– (n = 11) mice. Log₂-normalized mRNA counts of genes associated with (D) inflammasome pathways and (E) NF-κB signaling pathways. Liver mRNA abundance (relative to Actb) of known DPP4 substrates and chemokines/cytokines of (F) Ip-10, (G) Rantes, (H) Mcp-1, and (I) Eotaxin in liver tissue. Log₂-normalized mRNA counts of senescence-associated signaling phenotype (SASP) genes in liver tissue of (J) SLD-fed Dpp4^+/+ and Dpp4^–/– mice, (K) HFHC-fed Dpp4^+/+ and Dpp4^–/– mice, and (L) HFHC-fed Dpp4^GFP and Dpp4^hep–/– mice. Liver mRNA abundance (relative to Actb) of SASP genes (M) Ankrd1, (N) Cdkn1a, and (O) Cdkn2a. Box-and-whisker plots: box extends from the 25th to 75th percentiles; the whiskers go down to the smallest value and up to the largest. Data are presented as the means ± SEM, analyzed by unpaired Student’s t test with Welch’s correction, *P = 0.01–0.05, **P = 0.001–0.01, ***P = 0.0001–0.001, and ****P < 0.0001. nd, not detected.