TABLE 3.

Literature review of reported IPFF rates and related risk factors

R	Study	T	n	IPFF Rate	Risk factor(s)
22	Zhang et al. 22	CC	3912	0.77%	Female sex; diagnosis of DDH; and CBR ≥0.49.
23	Fleischman et al. 23	CH	3126	1.79%	Premature engagement of the diaphysis before reaching a metaphyseal press‐fit by first‐generation tapered wedge stem.
24	Sershon et al. 24	CH	6309	0.85%	Female sex; age > 65 years; and BMI <25.
25	Cohen et al. 25	CC	487	2.46%	Dorr B bone.
26	Hartford et al. 26	CS	500	2.60%	DAA in female patients; patients with morbid obesity (BMI > 40); small Dorr ratio; and small implant size.
27	Zhao et al. 27	CC	904	2.65%	Corail femoral stem; anterolateral surgical approach; advanced age; and a low Metaphyseal‐Diaphyseal Index score.

Abbreviations: CC, case–control study; CH, cohort study; CS, case series; n, number of patients; R, reference number; T, type of study.