TABLE 2.
Association between mobile phones uses (vs. non-users) and new-onset chronic kidney diseases among total participants, and relations of different mobile phone use characteristics with new-onset chronic kidney diseases in mobile phones users (UK, 2006–2010).
| Mobile phone use characteristics | N | Events (%) | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | |||
| Total participants (N = 408,743) | ||||||||
| Mobile phone users | ||||||||
| No | 60,141 | 2067 (3.4) | Ref | Ref | - | |||
| Yes | 348,602 | 8,730 (2.5) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) | 0.006 | 1.07 (1.02, 1.13) | 0.009 | - | - |
| Mobile phone users (N = 348,602) | ||||||||
| Length of mobile phone use | ||||||||
| ≤1 year | 10,784 | 389 (3.6) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 2–4 years | 70,869 | 2005 (2.8) | 0.88 (0.79, 0.98) | 0.016 | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.331 | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 0.250 |
| 5–8 years | 126,521 | 3,083 (2.4) | 0.83 (0.75, 0.93) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.301 | 0.92 (0.81, 1.03) | 0.162 |
| >8 years | 140,428 | 3,253 (2.3) | 0.88 (0.79, 0.97) | 0.014 | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) | 0.848 | 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) | 0.590 |
| P for trend | 0.252 | 0.067 | 0.387 | |||||
| Weekly usage time of mobile phone making or receiving calls | ||||||||
| <5 min | 71,891 | 2,138 (3.0) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 5–29 min | 135,929 | 3,455 (2.5) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 0.508 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.808 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.814 |
| 30–59 min | 60,562 | 1,464 (2.4) | 1.15 (1.08, 1.23) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.02, 1.18) | 0.018 | 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) | 0.026 |
| 1–3 h | 50,273 | 1,076 (2.1) | 1.21 (1.13, 1.31) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) | 0.002 | 1.13 (1.04, 1.23) | 0.005 |
| 4–6 h | 14,797 | 281 (1.9) | 1.24 (1.09, 1.41) | <0.001 | 1.17 (1.02, 1.34) | 0.025 | 1.15 (1.00, 1.32) | 0.047 |
| >6 h | 15,150 | 316 (2.1) | 1.58 (1.40, 1.79) | <0.001 | 1.31 (1.14, 1.49) | <0.001 | 1.28 (1.11, 1.47) | <0.001 |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Categories | ||||||||
| <30 min | 207,820 | 5,593 (2.7) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| ≥30 min | 140,782 | 3,137 (2.2) | 1.20 (1.14, 1.25) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.08, 1.19) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.07, 1.18) | <0.001 |
| Hands-free device/speakerphone use | ||||||||
| Never or almost never | 285,333 | 7,427 (2.6) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Less than half the time | 33,533 | 680 (2.0) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 0.289 | 1.08 (0.99, 1.18) | 0.089 | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) | 0.485 |
| About half the time | 13,021 | 259 (2.0) | 1.07 (0.94, 1.21) | 0.297 | 1.10 (0.96, 1.26) | 0.176 | 1.04 (0.90, 1.19) | 0.609 |
| More than half the time | 7,301 | 138 (1.9) | 1.04 (0.88, 1.24) | 0.613 | 1.06 (0.88, 1.28) | 0.518 | 0.99 (0.82, 1.19) | 0.903 |
| Always or almost always | 9,414 | 226 (2.4) | 1.18 (1.03, 1.34) | 0.017 | 1.13 (0.98, 1.30) | 0.096 | 1.06 (0.92, 1.23) | 0.429 |
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex.
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, ethnicities, Townsend deprivation index, income, education, smoking status, alcohol drinking, systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, HbA1c, eGFR, C-reactive protein, antihypertensive medications use, cholesterol lowering medications use, glucose-lowering medications use.
Model 3: adjusted for covariates in Model 2 plus mutually adjustments for different behavior of using mobile phone.