Table 3.
Outcome prediction models and covariate loadings
| Mental health | Physical health | Hospital admission | Mental health care visits | School Counselling services | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (CI95) | t value | OR (CI95) | t value | OR (CI95) | Z value | OR (CI95) | Z value | OR (CI95) | Z value | |
| Study group (ref. = CG) | ||||||||||
| MDD |
0.94 (0.92, 0.96) |
− 6.34** |
0.97 (0.95, 0.99) |
− 3.56** |
3.84 (0.48, 513.79) |
0.92 |
1.76 (1.57, 1.98) |
9.36** |
1.16 (1.02, 1.31) |
2.35* |
| MDD + EXT |
0.94 (0.92, 0.96) |
− 5.67** |
0.98 (0.96, 1.00) |
− 2.00* |
2.03 (0.19, 1164.58) |
0.41 |
2.05 (1.79, 2.35) |
10.39** |
1.30 (1.13, 1.49) |
3.80** |
| ANX |
0.96 (0.95, 0.98) |
− 5.29** |
0.98 (0.97, 0.99) |
− 3.03** |
0.93 (0.21, 8.81) |
− 0.08 |
1.11 (1.03, 1.21) |
2.54* |
1.07 (0.99, 1.16) |
1.84 |
| ANX + EXT |
0.96 (0.95, 0.98) |
− 4.54** |
0.98 (0.97, 1.00) |
− 2.34* |
6.44 (1.08, 219.39) |
1.57 |
1.83 (1.66, 2.02) |
11.95** |
1.44 (1.31, 1.58) |
7.53** |
| ANX + MDD |
0.95 (0.93, 0.98) |
− 3.86** |
0.97 (0.95, 0.99) |
− 2.54* |
7.20 (0.64, 135.42) |
1.05 |
2.05 (1.77, 2.39) |
9.42** |
1.17 (0.99, 1.36) |
1.93 |
| ANX + MDD + EXT |
0.96 (0.93, 0.98) |
− 3.68** |
0.98 (0.96, 1.00) |
− 1.41 |
9.07 (0.78, 227.43) |
1.15 |
2.73 (2.36, 3.16) |
13.54** |
1.62 (1.40, 1.87) |
6.62** |
| Physical diseases (ref. = no disease) |
1.00 (0.99, 1.00) |
− 1.05 |
0.99 (0.97, 0.99) |
− 4.18** |
1.02 (0.98, 1.07) |
0.95 |
1.06 (1.01, 1.10) |
2.34* | ||
| Eating patterns (ref. = no diet) | ||||||||||
| Vegetarian |
1.03 (0.98, 1.03) |
0.21 |
0.97 (0.95, 0.99) |
− 2.96** |
1.10 (0.95, 1.27) |
1.29 |
1.10 (0.96, 1.26) |
1.33 | ||
| Hypo-caloric |
0.99 (0.97, 1.02) |
− 0.58 |
1.00 (0.98, 1.02) |
− 0.33 |
0.94 (0.82, 1.07) |
− 0.95 |
0.94 (0.82, 1.12) |
− 1.07 | ||
| Others |
1.00 (0.99, 1.00) |
− 0.26 |
0.97 (0.95, 0.99) |
− 2.45* |
1.11 (0.93, 1.33) |
1.18 |
0.94 (0.78, 1.12) |
− 0.70 | ||
| Physical activity |
0.99 (0.99, 1.00) |
− 5.24** |
0.98 (0.98, 0.99) |
− 15.14** |
0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
− 0.85 |
0.98 (0.97, 0.99) |
− 2.36* | ||
| Sleep patterns | ||||||||||
| Sleep time1 |
1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
1.49 |
1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
3.15** |
1.03 (1.01, 1.05) |
3.13** |
1.03 (1.01, 1.05) |
3.41** | ||
| Difficulty falling asleep (ref. = no) |
0.99 (0.98, 1.00) |
− 1.87 |
0.99 (0.98, 1.00) |
− 1.28 |
1.19 (1.12, 1.27) |
5.52** |
0.98 (0.92, 1.04) |
− 0.76 | ||
| Difficulty staying asleep (ref. = no) |
0.98 (0.96, 0.99) |
− 3.70** |
0.99 (0.98, 1.00) |
− 1.61 |
1.17 (1.09, 1.26) |
4.09** |
1.16 (1.07, 1.24) |
3.89** | ||
| Deficits in individual competencies | ||||||||||
| Emotion and behaviour regulation |
0.99 (0.98, 0.99) |
− 18.96** |
0.99 (0.99, 0.99) |
− 10.02** |
0.99 (0.99, 1.00) |
− 1.49 |
1.01 (1.01, 1.02) |
3.44** | ||
| Academic/work competencies |
0.99 (0.99, 1.00) |
− 6.22** |
0.99 (0.99, 0.99) |
− 8.86** |
1.03 (1.02, 1.05) |
5.32** |
1.01 (0.99, 1.02) |
0.87 | ||
| Coping skills | ||||||||||
| Emotion-focused |
0.99 (0.99, 1.00) |
− 8.45** |
1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
− 4.05** |
1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
1.22 |
1.01 (1.01, 1.02) |
3.70** | ||
| Problem-focused |
1.01 (1.01, 1.01) |
7.95** |
1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
1.81 |
0.99 (0.98, 1.00) |
− 2.55* |
0.99 (0.98, 1.00) |
− 2.92** | ||
| Cognition-focused |
1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
− 1.68 |
1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
0.69 |
1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
− 0.12 |
1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
1.37 | ||
| Self-focused |
1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
2.23* |
1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
0.77 |
0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
− 0.93 |
0.99 (0.97, 1.01) |
− 1.33 | ||
| (Intercept) |
1.98 (1.90, 2.06) |
33.78** |
1.79 (1.72, 1.86) |
30.24** |
0.03 (0.02, 0.05) |
− 12.58** |
0.94 (0.72, 1.22) |
− 0.49 |
0.69 (0.54, 0.88) |
− 2.93** |
| AIC (model all covariates) | 19,299.19 | 21,228.57 | 1200.23 | 31,370.32 | 26,078.47 | |||||
| AIC (group covariate) | 20,431.08 | 22,029.39 | 894.44 | 25,911.22 | 21,859.50 | |||||
| AIC (unconstrained model) | 24,068.05 | 25,445.30 | ns | 25,492.42 | 21,662.58 | |||||
Estimates from generalised linear model were calculated considering gamma outcome distribution for either self-reported mental and physical illness; and Poisson distribution for health services utilisation (i.e., hospital admission, mental health services utilisation, and school counselling services). Three regression models were compared for each outcome: the unconstrained one (model without covariates), the group-covariate model (including the study group as a covariate) and a model with all the covariates. Estimates displayed relied on the all-covariate models
ref. Reference category (category that is compared with the category of interest on this factor); OR odds ratio; CI95 95% confidence interval; t value Statistic derived from the t-based test, AIC Akaike information criterion, CG control group, MDD depression group, MDD + EXT depression with comorbid externalising disorder group, ANX anxiety group, ANX + EXT anxiety with comorbid externalising disorder group, ANX + MDD comorbid depression and anxiety group, ANX + MDD + EXT comorbid depression and anxiety with comorbid externalising disorder group
1Number of hours individual sleep
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01