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. 2023 Mar 1;13:3029. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29705-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) pH of the spermathecal fluid and hemolymph. (b) Effect of extracellular fluid pH on intracellular pH of sperm. Fluorescence intensity of BCECF-loaded sperm exposed to various pH-calibrated buffers and those containing valinomycin and nigericin (to equilibrate the pH inside and outside cells). Scale bars indicate 20 µm. (c) Effect of pH mimicking spermathecal fluid (pH 8.6) and hemolymph (pH 7.1) on sperm motility.