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. 2023 Mar 1;13:3444. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30591-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Relative abundance of prespecified bacterial groups by birth outcome. Stacked bar graphs of mean (a) and median (b) relative abundances of prespecified bacterial groups in the live birth (LB) versus no live birth (NLB) groups. The NLB group was further divided into the no pregnancy (NP) and pregnancy loss (PL) group. BV, bacterial vaginosis; G. vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis; L. crispatus, Lactobacillus crispatus; L. iners, Lactobacillus iners.