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DA biosynthesis pathway. Dopamine biosynthesis is initiated by the conversion of tyrosine to L-DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase, the first and rate limiting enzyme in the pathway. Dopa decarboxylase (DDC) then converts L-DOPA to dopamine in a terminal reaction in invertebrates. However, the pathway continues in vertebrates with the synthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine (All chemical structures were retrieved and modified from Pubchem; https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).
