TABLE 3.

Factors associated with screening positive for probable depression (in multivariable analysis) among the University of Witwatersrand undergraduate students (N = 908) who participated in the survey February–May 2021.

Characteristic	Categories	N	%a	aORb	95% CI	P-valuec
Age	18–19 years	124	53.7	1.00		0.858
	20 years and above	313	46.6	0.94	0.59–1.49
Race	Black African	259	54.5	1.00		0.083
	Indian/Asian	71	44.1	0.91	0.58–1.42
	White	83	35.9	0.64	0.42–0.96
	Other	26	60.5	1.35	0.69–2.65
Income	We have enough money for food and clothes, but we are short of many other things	11	73.3	1.00		0.018
	We don’t have enough money for food	40	54.8	2.57	0.54–12.87
	We have enough money for food but not for other basic items such as clothes	74	65.5	0.65	0.35–1.21
	We have the most important things, but few luxury goods	178	48	0.50	0.31–0.80
	We have money for luxury goods and extra things	125	38.9	0.44	0.26–0.76
Year of study	1	94	52.2	1.00		0.062
	2	92	56.8	1.47	0.91–2.38
	3	107	47.3	1.07	0.62–1.85
	4	108	48.4	1.07	0.61–1.87
	5	24	37.5	0.85	0.41–1.77
	6	14	25.5	0.46	0.20–1.04
Marital Status	Single	630	69.2	1.00		0.554
	Unmarried	262	28.8	1.21	0.87–1.69
	Married	18	2	1.22	0.43–3.49
Alcohol use	Never drunk alcohol	129	50.8	1.00		0.853
	In the past week	134	48.7	1.01	0.67–1.52
	In the past month	75	46.3	0.95	0.60–1.49
	In the past 6 months	101	46.1	0.86	0.58–1.28
Tobacco use	Yes	60	60	1.00		0.045
	No	377	46.7	0.7	0.44–1.14
Other substance use	Yes	39	4.3	1.00		0.533
	No	867	95.7	1.27	0.60–2.68
Cannabis use	Yes	100	59.9	1.00		0.045
	No	338	45.7	0.71	0.44–0.99

^aRow percentage. ^bOdds ratio adjusted for race, income level, year of study, marital status, tobacco use, other substance use, and cannabis use. ^cOverall p-value for each factor (variable). Bold values represent the p-values < 0.05.