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. 2023 Feb 16;10:1113739. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1113739

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Copyright © 2023 Li, Wang, Huang, Yang, Zhou, Li, Fang, Tang, Chen, Hou, Li, Fei, Wang, Wu and Gong.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Glycolysis and glutamine metabolism. Glucose is catabolized to pyruvate in the cytoplasm. Conversion of lactate from pyruvate stabilizes HIF-2a, which then stabilizes c-Myc protein expression in the nucleus. c-Myc promotes glutamine transporter protein 2 (ASCT2) expression. Glutaminase 1 (GLS1) catalyzes the breakdown of glutamine to glutamate in the mitochondria. In the mitochondrial matrix, glutamate is converted to a-KG and enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle.