Table 3.

Effects of Lactobacillus on the experimental AD.

Probiotic	strain	Experimental animal	Interventions	Outcome	Reference
L. rhamnosus	RHT3201	six-week-old female NC/Nga mice	1×108, 1×109, or 1×1010 cells/d, for 8 weeks.	improved dermatitis scores and frequency of scratching	(Lee et al., 2016)
	LGG	two litters of Beagles (same sire and dam) with AD	200 × 109 CFU/d, ten Culturelle® capsule; offspring from the second pregnancy, LGG, 100 × 109 CFU/d	decreased allergen-specific IgE and partially prevented AD	(Marsella et al., 2012)
		2 adult beagles with severe AD and 16 pups	One capsule containing a minimum of LGG 20×109 CFUs; first litter female dogs did not receive LGG. During the second pregnancy, a dosage of 10 capsules/d LGG from week 3 of gestation and continued throughout lactation. During the third pregnancy, 5 capsules/d from 3 weeks to 6 months of age	decreased serum titer of allergen-specific IgE and moderated reaction to intradermal testing	(Marsella, 2009)
		specific pathogen-free NC/Nga mice	30–50 mg/d	increased plasma IL-10 levels and enhanced IL-10 mRNA expression in both Peyer’s patches and mesenteric lymph nodes	(Sawada et al., 2007)
	CGMCC 1.3724 (LPR)	specific-pathogen free pregnant NC / NgaTnd mice, pups until 12 weeks of age	5 ×108 CFU/ ml	decreased clinical symptoms of dermatitis, reduced scratching frequency	(Tanaka et al., 2009)
L. acidophilus	L-92	ICR mice BALB/c mice BALB/c and NC/Nga mice	3 and 30 mg/kg	inhibited vascular permeability in both passive cutaneous anaphylaxis	(Shah et al., 2010)
	L-55	female NC/Nga mice (5 weeks old) with AD-like skin lesions	1 and 10 mg/d, for 75 days	inhibited dermatitis score, ear swelling, scratching behavior	(Sunada et al., 2008)
L. plantarum	MG4221	NC/Nga mice (male, 4 weeks old)	a single dose (7 μg·cm−2) of 200 μL of PM2.5 (500 μg·mL−1) with 2% dinitrochlorobenzene another single dose (7 μg·cm−2) of 200 μL of PM2.5 (500 μg·mL−1) with 0.2% dinitrochlorobenzene	decreased transepidermal water loss and erythema; decreased scratching behavior	(Hong et al., 2021a)
	LM1004	AD-induced rat (histamine-induced vasodilation) and mouse (pruritus and contact dermatitis)	2 × 1012 cells, for 28 days	reduced vasodilation, pruritus, edema, and serum histamine	(Kim et al., 2019a)
	NCIMB8826	APOC1+/+ mice	3×108 CFU, three times a week, for 8 weeks	ameliorated skin pathology, improved skin barrier integrity, eliminated of skin thickening, and fewer excoriations	(Mariman et al., 2016)
L. sakei	ProBio65	dogs with CAD	2 × 109 CFU/g, for 2 months	reduced disease severity index, CASESI score values	(Kim et al., 2015a)
		25 male 6-week-old NC/Nga mice	5×109 CFU/ml, 200 μL/d, for 2 weeks	improved condition of skin and reduced scratching frequency	(Kim et al., 2013)
		mice triggered by allergen	1 ×108 CFU/mL, 200 μL/d, for 2 weeks	faster recovery of AD	(Park et al., 2008)
	WIKIM30	wild-type male BALB/c mice	2 × 109 CFU bacteria, 200 μL/d	reduced AD-like skin lesions	(Kwon et al., 2018)
L. reuteri	Fn041	seven-week-old male and female BALB/C mice	1×109 CFU/d, once a day, 100 μL each time, each time	suppressed AD symptoms such as skin swelling, mast cell and eosinophil infiltration	(Zhao et al., 2022)
	Japan Collection of Microorganisms 1112	specific pathogen-free male NC/Nga mice (aged 10 weeks)	0.1% (w/v) Lactobacillus water extract (LW)-treated, and 1.0% (w/v) LW-treated; 0.1% LW in 80% ethanol, or 1.0% LW in 80% ethanol, twice weekly for one week	suppressed the development of house dust mite-induced atopic skin lesions and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine expression	(Kawahara et al., 2018)
L. paracasei	KBL382	mice with Dermatophagoides farinae extract -induced AD	1 × 109 CFU/d, for 4 weeks	reduced AD-associated skin lesions and epidermal thickening	(Kim et al., 2020a)
	K71	41 dogs with mild to moderate cAD	5 mg/kg, once daily, for 12 weeks	decreased CADESI, and pruritus scores; the reduced medication scores	(Ohshima-Terada et al., 2015)
	WK3001	five-week-old male NC/Nga mice	basic diet at concentrations of 0.03% (low dose) or 0.3% (high dose)	reduced development of AD-like skin lesions	(Wakabayashi et al., 2008)
L. casei	KCTC 12398BP	male NC/Nga mice	1, 10, and 100 μg/mL of P14 0.1, 0.2, 1, 5, and 10 μg/mL of P14	downregulated AD index and scratching score in AD-like NC/Nga mice	(Kim et al., 2015b)
	JCM 1134T	six-week-old male NC/Nga mice	NC/Nga mice were divided into four groups of six each and administered CD, DD (500 mg of dextran per day) LD (1×107 CFU of lyophilized L. casei subsp. casei per day) LDD (1×107 CFU of lyophilized L. casei subsp. casei and 500 mg of dextran per day) (control diet; CD) (dextran diet; DD) (L. casei subsp. casei diet; LD) (L. casei subsp. casei and dextran diet; LDD)	decreased clinical skin severity scores and total IgE levels	(Ogawa et al., 2006)
L. delbrueckii	OLL1073R-1	specific-pathogen-free female NC/Nga mice and BALB/c mice, (4- or 5-wk-old).	bacterial, 1 mg/d	inhibited development of dermatitis and elevation of an acute inflammation marker, serum amyloid A	(Kano et al., 2013)
	R-037	female BALB/c mice (5-weeks-old) and male NC/Nga mice (7-weeks-old)	5 g/d/mouse, from day 0 to day 55	reduced inflammatory auricular thickness and alleviated the AD clinical score	(Watanabe et al., 2009)
L. johnsonii	NCC533	NC/NgaTnd mice	4 weeks	suppressed exacerbation of the clinical severity of dermatitis and suppressed epidermal hyperplasia and infiltration of inflammatory cells in skin	(Tanaka et al., 2008)
		pups of 4 pregnant NC/Nga mice.	1010 cells, from 20 to 22 days of age via oral administration	enhanced gene expression of the proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-12 and IL-23] and decreased gene expression of CD86	(Inoue et al., 2007)
L. brevis	NS1401	female NC/Nga mice (24 Six-weeks old)	5 × 108 CFU/d per mouse, for 8 weeks	reduced skin thickness and infiltration of mast cells and eosinophils in skin lesions and the size and number of immune cells in draining lymph nodes	(Choi et al., 2017)
	SBC8803	male 5-week-old NC/Nga mice	0%, 0.05% or 0.5%, once a week for 9 weeks.	inhibited ear swelling, and suppressed the development of dermatitis.	(Segawa et al., 2008a)