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. 2023 Mar 2;21:44. doi: 10.1186/s12964-023-01044-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Inflammatory effect of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in human FLS. Plasmids encoding ACE2 or SARS-CoV-2 spike protein transfected into HEK 293 cells. At 48 h after transfection, cells were harvested for immunoblot to validate their expression. A Immunoblot showing expression of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. GAPDH was used for loading control. Human FLS were transduced with a lentivirus vector carrying SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Spike) or empty vector (Mock). At 48 h after lentiviral transduction, cells and supernatant were harvested for qPCR and ELISA, respectively. B qPCR analysis of IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ in the Mock and Spike groups. C Protein levels of IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α in the supernatant of Mock and Spike groups. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM. **P < 0.005 (unpaired/two-tailed t test)