Table 2.
Multivariate Cox regression analysis of association between circadian BP patterns and new-onset diabetes.
| Variable | New-onset diabetes n (%) |
Incidence rate per 1000 person-years |
Crude Model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) |
P | HR (95% CI) |
P | HR (95% CI) |
P | HR (95% CI) |
P | |||
| BP patterns (SBP and/or DBP) | ||||||||||
| Dippers (n=759) | 68 (9.0) | 13.4 | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] | ||||
| Non-dippers (n=1082) |
149 (13.8) | 21.0 | 1.57 (1.18-2.09) |
0.002 | 1.41 (1.05-1.89) | 0.022 | 1.51 (1.12-2.03) | 0.006 | 1.53 (1.14-2.06) |
0.005 |
| SBP patterns | ||||||||||
| Dippers (n=540) | 51 (9.4) | 14.0 | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] | ||||
| Non-dippers (n=1301) | 166 (12.8) | 19.5 | 1.40 (1.02-1.92) | 0.036 | 1.25 (0.91-1.72) | 0.169 | 1.30 (0.95-1.80) | 0.106 | 1.35 (0.98-1.86) |
0.070 |
| DBP patterns | ||||||||||
| Dippers (n=613) | 56 (9.1) | 13.7 | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] | 1 [reference] | ||||
| Non-dippers (n=1228) |
161 (13.1) | 19.9 | 1.47 (1.09-2.00) | 0.013 | 1.35 (0.99-1.84) | 0.057 | 1.52 (1.11-2.08) | 0.009 | 1.54 (1.12-2.10) |
0.008 |
Crude model: Unadjusted. Model 1: adjusted for age, gender, drinking status, smoking status, BMI, office SBP, office DBP, hypertension duration, baseline prediabetes. Model 2: adjusted for all the variables in model 1, plus triglyceride, HDL-C, fasting blood glucose, mean daytime DBP, ACEI/ARBs use, CCBs use, statins use, AHI and nadir SaO2. Model 3: based on minimal sufficient adjustment sets for estimating the total effect of non-dipping pattern on new-onset diabetes: age, gender, drinking status, hypertension duration, baseline prediabetes, BMI, fasting blood glucose, eGFR, serum potassium, serum sodium, mean daytime DBP, ACEI/ARBs use, AHI, nadir SaO2, and regular CPAP treatment.
HR, hazard ratio; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ACEI, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; AHI, apnea hypopnea index; SaO2, oxygen saturation; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; eGRF, estimated glomerular filtration rate.