Table 3.
Association between non-dipping pattern and new-onset diabetes stratified by subgroups.
| Subgroup | N | New-onset diabetes, n (%) |
Incidence rate per 1000 person-years | Full adjusted HR (95% CI) | P | P for interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.532 | |||||
| Male | 1273 | 144 (11.3) | 17.0 | 1.65 (1.15-2.36) | 0.007 | |
| Female | 568 | 73 (12.9) | 19.8 | 1.40 (0.83-2.37) | 0.208 | |
| Age, years | 0.170 | |||||
| ≥60 | 286 | 40 (14.0) | 21.9 | 1.27 (0.59-2.71) | 0.545 | |
| <60 | 1555 | 177 (11.4) | 17.1 | 1.57 (1.13-2.17) | 0.007 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.459 | |||||
| ≥28 | 891 | 131 (14.7) | 22.6 | 1.30 (0.89-1.91) | 0.176 | |
| <28 | 950 | 86 (9.1) | 13.5 | 2.33 (1.42-3.83) | 0.001 | |
| Current Drinker | 0.165 | |||||
| yes | 644 | 67 (10.4) | 15.4 | 1.90 (1.11-3.25) | 0.019 | |
| no | 1197 | 150 (12.5) | 19.2 | 1.40 (0.98-2.02) | 0.065 | |
| Hypertension duration | 0.322 | |||||
| ≥5 years | 773 | 95 (12.3) | 18.9 | 1.36 (0.86-2.14) | 0.191 | |
| <5 years | 1068 | 122 (12.4) | 17.1 | 1.81 (1.21-2.70) | 0.004 | |
| AHI, events/hour | 0.637 | |||||
| ≥15 | 1116 | 153 (13.6) | 20.9 | 1.72 (1.19-2.47) | 0.004 | |
| <15 | 725 | 65 (9.0) | 13.4 | 1.21 (0.71-2.05) | 0.490 | |
| ACEI/ARBs use | 0.677 | |||||
| yes | 894 | 120 (13.4) | 20.2 | 1.40 (0.95-2.07) | 0.094 | |
| no | 947 | 97 (10.2) | 15.6 | 1.78 (1.11-2.85) | 0.017 | |
| Statins use | 0.817 | |||||
| yes | 625 | 94 (15.0) | 23.9 | 1.54 (0.98-2.41) | 0.059 | |
| no | 1216 | 123 (10.1) | 14.9 | 1.60 (1.06-2.41) | 0.024 |
full adjusted model: based on minimal sufficient adjustment sets for estimating the total effect of non-dipping pattern on new-onset diabetes: age, gender, drinking status, hypertension duration, baseline prediabetes, BMI, fasting blood glucose, eGFR, serum potassium, serum sodium, mean daytime DBP, ACEI/ARBs use, AHI, nadir SaO2, and regular CPAP treatment.
BMI, body mass index; eGRF, estimated glomerular filtration rate; AHI, apnea hypopnea index; SaO2, oxygen saturation; ACEI, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.