Table 3.
Demographic characteristics relationships with ABR awareness scores for human HCPsd
| Variable | Description | Ghana (n = 104) | Nigeria (n = 85) | Tanzania (n = 126) | Peru (n = 84) | Vietnam (n = 226) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | Mean | SE | CI 95% | P value | N (%) | Mean | SE | CI 95% | P value | N (%) | Mean | SE | CI 95% | P value | N (%) | Mean | SE | CI 95% | P value | N (%) | Mean | SE | CI 95% | P value | |||||||
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Profession | Doctor | 48 (46.2) | 59.7b | 1.1 | 57.6 | 61.9 | 0.004c | 55 (64.7) | 59.27 | 1.4 | 56.5 | 62.0 | 0.156 | 32 (25.4) | 60.4a | 2.1 | 56.2 | 64.7 | 0.003c | 53 (63.1) | 70.4a | 1.6 | 67.2 | 73.7 | 0.000c | 73 (32.3) | 57.9 | 1.1 | 55.7 | 60.2 | 0.912 |
| Dentist | 2 (1.9) | 71.4 | 20.6 | 57.2 | 92.0 | 8 (9.4) | 54.04 | 3.0 | 47.0 | 61.1 | 8 (6.3) | 54.1 | 2.7 | 47.7 | 60.5 | 30 (35.7) | 57.5b | 1.4 | 54.6 | 60.4 | — | — | — | — | |||||||
| Nurse | 21 (20.2) | 60.7 | 1.8 | 56.8 | 64.5 | — | — | — | — | — | 56 (44.4) | 54.7 | 0.9 | 52.9 | 56.4 | — | — | — | — | — | 53 (23.5) | 57.1 | 1.5 | 54.1 | 60.0 | ||||||
| Pharmacist | 15 (14.4) | 68.7a | 2.9 | 62.4 | 75.0 | 21 (24.7) | 62.37 | 2.6 | 57.0 | 67.8 | 14 (11.1) | 61.9a | 3.9 | 53.6 | 70.3 | — | — | — | — | — | 62 (27.4) | 56.9 | 1.3 | 54.4 | 59.6 | ||||||
| Physician Assistant | 18 (17.3) | 58.5b | 2.0 | 54.2 | 62.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 38 (16.8) | 58.0 | 1.7 | 54.7 | 61.4 | ||||||
| Medical Officer | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16 (12.7) | 51.9b | 1.9 | 47.9 | 56.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Gender | Male | 66 (63.5) | 61.5 | 1.1 | 59.4 | 63.6 | 0.809 | 45 (52.9) | 61.42 | 1.7 | 57.9 | 64.9 | 0.106 | 57 (45.2) | 57.7 | 1.4 | 54.9 | 60.5 | 0.223 | 42 (50.0) | 68.2 | 1.9 | 64.3 | 72.0 | 0.055 | 73 (32.3) | 57.1 | 1.0 | 55.2 | 59.1 | 0.701 |
| Female | 37 (35.6) | 60.8 | 1.8 | 57.1 | 64.4 | 40 (47.1) | 57.71 | 1.4 | 54.9 | 60.5 | 69 (54.8) | 55.6 | 1.1 | 53.3 | 57.8 | 42 (50.0) | 63.1 | 1.8 | 59.5 | 66.7 | 153 (67.7) | 57.7 | 0.9 | 55.9 | 59.4 | ||||||
| Age | 18 to 25 | 10 (9.6) | 62.2 | 2.7 | 56.0 | 68.3 | 0.329 | 8 (9.4) | 57.28 | 2.4 | 51.7 | 62.9 | 0.711 | 16 (12.7) | 55.9 | 2.1 | 51.6 | 60.3 | 0.364 | 14 (16.7) | 61.4 | 1.9 | 57.2 | 65.6 | 0.067 | 16 (7.1) | 61.2 | 2.5 | 55.9 | 66.4 | 0.119 |
| 26 to 35 | 52 (50.0) | 62.3 | 1.3 | 59.7 | 65.0 | 52 (61.2) | 59.92 | 1.6 | 56.7 | 63.2 | 53 (42.1) | 58.6 | 1.6 | 55.4 | 61.9 | 39 (46.4) | 66.3 | 2.1 | 62.1 | 70.5 | 93 (41.2) | 57.3 | 1.1 | 55.1 | 59.5 | ||||||
| 36 to 45 | 16 (15.4) | 61.4 | 2.6 | 55.9 | 66.9 | 18 (21.2) | 61.22 | 2.3 | 56.3 | 66.1 | 27 (21.4) | 54.9 | 1.6 | 51.7 | 58.3 | 22 (26.2) | 63.5 | 2.4 | 58.5 | 68.5 | 43 (19) | 55.7 | 1.4 | 52.9 | 58.4 | ||||||
| 46 to 55 | 13 (12.5) | 56.4 | 2.7 | 50.6 | 62.2 | 7 (8.2) | 56.64 | 2.7 | 50.0 | 63.3 | 12 (9.5) | 53.3 | 1.6 | 49.8 | 56.7 | 3 (3.6) | 67.7 | 7.0 | 37.8 | 97.7 | 52 (23) | 57.7 | 1.3 | 55.2 | 60.2 | ||||||
| > 55 | 9 (8.7) | 58.9 | 2.9 | 52.3 | 65.7 | — | — | — | — | — | 10 (7.9) | 56.8 | 2.8 | 50.4 | 63.1 | 6 (7.1) | 77.8 | 5.7 | 63.1 | 92.6 | 5 (2.2) | 66.1 | 5.6 | 50.7 | 81.6 | ||||||
| Training level | Non-University | — | — | — | — | — | NC | — | — | — | — | — | 0.741 | 72 (57.1) | 54.1b | 1.1 | 52.0 | 56.2 | 0.001c | — | — | — | — | — | 0.776 | 95 (42) | 58.3 | 1.2 | 55.8 | 60.7 | 0.588 |
| University | 104 (100) | 61.2 | 0.9 | 59.4 | 63.0 | 29 (34.1) | 60.07 | 2.1 | 55.7 | 64.5 | 47 (37.3) | 60.1a | 1.5 | 57.1 | 63.2 | 38 (45.2) | 66.4 | 2.1 | 62.2 | 70.5 | 107 (47.3) | 56.8 | 0.9 | 55.1 | 58.5 | ||||||
| Specialist | — | — | — | — | — | 55 (64.7) | 59.27 | 1.4 | 56.5 | 62.0 | — | — | — | — | — | 21 (25) | 65.3 | 3.0 | 59.0 | 71.7 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Postgraduate (MSc, PhD) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 (0.8) | 70.7 | — | — | — | 21 (25) | 63.9 | 2.1 | 59.5 | 68.5 | 18 (8) | 57.7 | 1.8 | 54.0 | 61.5 | ||||||
| Type of caree | Primary Care | 32 (30.8) | 59.4 | 1.33 | 56.7 | 62.1 | 0.05 | — | — | — | — | — | NC | 33 (26.2) | 55.9 | 2.07 | 51.7 | 60.1 | 0.95 | 41 (48.8) | 64.2b | 1.73 | 60.7 | 67.7 | 0.01c | 141 (62.4) | 57.8 | 0.9 | 56 | 59.6 | 0.65 |
| Secondary Care | 54 (51.9) | 63.3 | 1.47 | 60.4 | 66.3 | — | — | — | — | — | 57 (45.2) | 56.5 | 1.16 | 54.2 | 58.8 | 19 (22.6) | 61.1b | 2.69 | 55.4 | 66.7 | 83 (36.7) | 57.2 | 0.99 | 55.2 | 59.1 | ||||||
| Tertiary Care | 18 (17.3) | 58.1 | 1.44 | 55 | 61.1 | 85 (100) | 59.7 | 1.14 | 57.4 | 62 | 14 (11.1) | 56.7 | 2.54 | 51.2 | 62.1 | 20 (23.8) | 72.5a | 2.96 | 66.3 | 78.7 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Type of Practice | Public practice | 78 (75) | 60.5 | 1.09 | 58.3 | 62.7 | 0.24 | 85 (100) | 59.7 | 1.14 | 57.4 | 62 | NC | 79 (62.7) | 55.7 | 0.84 | 54.1 | 57.4 | 0.09 | 31 (36.9) | 70.9a | 2.45 | 66 | 76 | 0.01c | 191 (84.5) | 57.5 | 0.77 | 56 | 59 | 0.98 |
| Private practice | 11 (10.6) | 61.2 | 1.93 | 56.9 | 65.5 | — | — | — | — | — | 32 (25.4) | 56.7 | 1.76 | 53.2 | 60.3 | 35 (41.7) | 61.6b | 1.73 | 58.1 | 65.1 | 20 (8.8) | 57.9 | 0.86 | 56.1 | 59.7 | ||||||
| Public and Private practice | 15 (14.4) | 65 | 2.46 | 59.7 | 70.3 | — | — | — | — | — | 12 (9.5) | 62.4 | 5.48 | 50.4 | 74.5 | 13 (15.5) | 63.8 | 2.85 | 57.6 | 70 | 12 (5.3) | 57.9 | 2.71 | 51.9 | 63.8 | ||||||
SE: Standard error, CI: Confidence interval, NC: Not calculated.
Different letters in different rows indicate statistical differences between groups.
Statistical differences (P < 0.05). All P values were calculated with ANOVA and Tukey post hoc comparison test. All significant values are two-tailed.
Includes only participants without missing values in the 23-item scale who replied to the question, therefore differences in numbers of participants across calculations may vary accordingly.
18 participants from Tanzania did not indicate the level of care of their working centres.
Note that while the countries are positioned side by side, it is important to note that scores should be interpreted within-country rather than compared across countries, for example as baseline data within a given country.