Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

Year	First author	Producer cell	Isolation method	Exosome labels	Exosome dose, μg a	ED model	Establishment method
2017	Chen26	ADSC	Multistep centrifugation	CD63, CD81, calnexin	100	T2DM	High-fat diet, intraperitoneal injection of low-dose STZ (30 mg/kg)
2021	Liang27	ADSC	ExoQuick-TC reagent	CD9, CD63, TSG101	400	Hypoxia	Chronic intermittent hypoxia exposure
2020	Song32	ADSC, BMSC	Multistep centrifugation	CD9, CD63, TSG101, calnexin	100	T1DM	Intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg)
2018	Li20	BMSC, ADSC	PureExo exosome isolation kit	CD63, HSP70, CD81	100	CNI	Bilateral cavernous nerve crush injury
2020	Wang28	ADSC	Ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration	CD31, CD9, CD63, CD81	200	T1DM	Intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg)
2019	Liu31	BMSC	Multistep centrifugation	CD9, TSG101	50 or 100	AI b	Internal iliac artery ligation
2018	Ouyang19	BMSC	Multistep centrifugation	CD63, TSG101, flotillin-1	100	CNI	Bilateral cavernous nerves crush injury
2022	Liang29	ADSC	Differential centrifugation	CD63, CD9	150 c	CNI	Bilateral cavernous nerves crush injury
2018	Zhu30	ADSC	Exosome precipitation solution, ExoQuick	CD63, CD9	10 or 100	T1DM	Intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg)
2020	Yang33	HUSC	Ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration	CD9, CD63, TSG101, alix	100	PD	Intratunical injection of TGF-β1
2019	Ouyang34	HUSC	Ultracentrifugation	CD63, calnexin	100	T1DM	Intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg)
Year	First author	Species	Animal age, wk	Injection method	Frequency	Follow-up, wk	Investigated parameters	Cargo
2017	Chen26	SD rats	6	IC	1	4	ICP/MAP, CD31, Bcl-2, caspase 3	Not mentioned
2021	Liang27	SD rats	Not mentioned	IC	8	8	ICP/RT-AP, α-SMA, eNOS	miR-301a-3p
2020	Song32	SD rats	8	IC	1	4	ICP/MAP, NO, cGMP	Not mentioned
2018	Li20	SD rats	12	IC	1	3	nNOS, vWF,a-SMA, SM/collagen	Not mentioned
2020	Wang28	SD rats	8	Intravenous	1	2	ICP/MAP, ANP, BNP, nNOS	Corin
2019	Liu31	SD rats	12	IC	1	4	ICP/MAP, CD31, VEGFA, nNOS, eNOS, α-SMA, SM/collagen, collagen content	Not mentioned
2018	Ouyang19	SD rats	10	IC	1	4	ICP/MAP, nNOS, SM/collagen, caspase 3	Not mentioned
2022	Liang29	SD rats	6-8	IC	1	3	MICP/MAP, α-SMA, eNOS, nNOS	Not mentioned
2018	Zhu30	SD rats	10	Corpus cavernosum injection	1	4	ICP/MAP, SM/collagen, endothelial content	microRNAs
2020	Yang33	SD rats	Not mentioned	Intratunical	1	4	ICP/MAP, elastin, TGF-β1, collagen III, SM/collagen, Smad2/3 protein	Not mentioned
2019	Ouyang34	SD rats	Not mentioned	IC	1	4	CD31, eNOS, phospho-eNOS, nNOS, SM/collagen	miRNA

Abbreviations: α-SMA, alpha smooth muscle actin; ADSC, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell; ANP, pro-atrial natriuretic peptide; BMSC, bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cell; BNP, pro-brain natriuretic peptide; CD31, cluster of differentiation 31; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; CNI, cavernous nerve injury; ED, erectile dysfunction; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; HUSC, human urine–derived stem cells; IC, intracavernous injection; ICP/MAP, intracavernous pressure/mean artery pressure; MICP, maximum intracavernous pressure; nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase; NO, nitric oxide; PD, Peyronie disease; RT-AP, real-time carotid arterial pressure; SD, Sprague-Dawley; SM/collagen, ratio of smooth muscle to collagen; STZ, streptozotocin; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β1; vWF, von willebrand factor.

^aThe amount of stem cell–derived exosomes dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline.

^bArtery injury by bilateral internal iliac artery ligation.

^cThis study utilized a polydopamine nanoparticle–incorporated poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide) gel as a solvent of exosomes.