Skip to main content
. 2023 Jan 31;2(1):1–8. doi: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000335

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Causal directed acyclic graph showing the total effect of plasma caffeine on type 2 diabetes risk and the effect mediated by body mass index. The presented mendelian randomisation effect estimates with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (shown in parenthesis) are scaled per one standard deviation increase in plasma caffeine concentration. BMI=body mass index