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. 2022 Dec 20;1(1):e000277. doi: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000277

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Directed acyclic graph and key assumptions of mendelian randomisation (MR) design. For details of assumptions, please refer to the study design part in the manuscript. MR-PRESSO=Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier