Table 2.
Correlations between gender differences in science, reading, and overall scores (men–women) and both composite indices and specific indicators of gender equality.
| References | Test | Year | Countries | Indices | Correlation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Science | |||||
| Composite indices | |||||
| Reilly (2012) | PISA | 2009 | 34 | GGI | Negative |
| Ireson (2017) | PISA | 2012 | 65 | GGI | Not found |
| Reilly et al. (2019) | TIMMS | 2011 | 45 | GGI | Positive |
| Specific indicators | |||||
| Reilly (2012) | PISA | 2009 | 34 | WR, RSW | Negative/Not found |
| Reading | |||||
| Composite indices | |||||
| Reilly (2012) | PISA | 2009 | 34 | GGI | Not found |
| Gevrek et al. (2020) | PISA | 2006, 2012 | 56 | GGI | Positive |
| Specific indicators | |||||
| Reilly (2012) | PISA | 2009 | 34 | WR, RSW | Positive |
| Gevrek et al. (2020) | PISA | 2006, 2012 | 56 | RE, WR, WPEA, FPS, MP | Positive |
| Overall scores | |||||
| Composite indices | |||||
| Stoet and Geary (2015) | PISA | From 2000 to 2010 | 41 to 74 | GEM, GGI | Not found |
| Ireson (2017) | PISA | 2012 | 65 | GGI | Not found |
| Eriksson et al. (2020) | PISA, TIMMS | From 2003 | 74 | GGI | Positive |
| Stoet and Geary (2020) | PISA | From 2009 to 2015 | 55 to 71 | GGI | Positive |
| Specific indicators | |||||
| Bergold et al. (2017) | TIMMS PIRLS | 2011 | 32 | WAE, TSER, WPLM, WR | Positive/Negative |
GEI, Gender Equality Index; GGI, Gender Gap Index; GEQ, Gender Equality and Quality of Life; RSW, relative status of women; WAE, women’s access to education; TSER, tertiary school enrollment rate, boys/girls; WPLM, women’s participation in the labor market; WR, women in research; RE, ratio of men to women in education; WPEA, women’s participation in economic activities; FPS, female parliamentary seats; HMP, women’s higher labor market positions.