Table 2.

Association between non-pharmaceutical interventions and odds of decreasing covid-19 case and death burden in US state level data: one model per intervention

Type and status of non-pharmaceutical intervention	Covid-19 cases		Covid-19 deaths
	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P value	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P value
Stay-at-home order—on	2.02 (1.63 to 2.52)	<0.001	2.00 (1.53 to 2.62)	<0.001
Stay-at-home order—off	0.87 (0.53 to 1.42)	0.57	1.21 (0.89 to 1.63)	0.22
Indoor restaurant dining ban—on	1.62 (1.25 to 2.10)	<0.001	1.50 (1.15 to 1.95)	0.002
Indoor restaurant dining ban—off	0.94 (0.60 to 1.45)	0.77	1.04 (0.78 to 1.41)	0.76
Public mask mandate—on	2.18 (1.47 to 3.23)	<0.001	1.39 (0.94 to 2.05)	0.10
Indoor public gathering ban (mild)—on	0.51 (0.39 to 0.68)	<0.001	0.86 (0.62 to 1.18)	0.34
Indoor public gathering ban (severe)—on	1.68 (1.31 to 2.16)	<0.001	1.45 (1.12 to 1.88)	0.004
Indoor public gathering ban—off	0.64 (0.29 to 1.40)	0.27	1.19 (0.65 to 2.19)	0.57

CI=confidence interval. An odds ratio greater than 1 is associated with an increased probability that the covid-19 case or death velocities decreased. Each non-pharmaceutical intervention analysed in an individual model. For indoor public gathering bans, mild refers to gatherings of more than 10 people; severe refers to gatherings of 10 people or fewer. Indoor restaurant dining bans were adopted when indoor dining was banned and were discontinued when indoor dining was reinstated, regardless of capacity specification or outdoor dining policies.