Table 3.

Association between non-pharmaceutical interventions and odds of decreasing covid-19 case and death burden in US state level data: one model including all interventions

Type and status of non-pharmaceutical intervention	Cases		Deaths
	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	P value
Stay-at-home order—on	1.47 (1.04 to 2.07)	0.03	1.89 (1.25 to 2.87)	0.003
Stay-at-home order—off	0.93 (0.56 to 1.55)	0.79	1.28 (0.89 to 1.85)	0.19
Indoor restaurant dining ban—on	1.47 (0.96 to 2.26)	0.07	1.15 (0.76 to 1.74)	0.50
Indoor restaurant dining ban—off	1.25 (0.77 to 2.03)	0.37	1.13 (0.81 to 1.59)	0.48
Public mask mandate—on	2.27 (1.51 to 3.41)	<0.001	1.45 (0.97 to 2.17)	0.07
Indoor public gathering ban (mild)—on	0.46 (0.34 to 0.61)	<0.001	0.78 (0.56 to 1.09)	0.15
Indoor public gathering ban (severe)—on	1.38 (0.97 to 1.95)	0.07	1.08 (0.72 to 1.64)	0.69
Indoor public gathering ban—off	0.64 (0.30 to 1.39)	0.26	1.16 (0.62 to 2.17)	0.64

CI=confidence interval. An adjusted odds ratio greater than 1 is associated with an increased probability that the covid-19 case or death velocities decreased. All four non-pharmaceutical interventions were included as covariates in this model. For indoor public gathering bans, mild refers to gatherings of more than 10 people; severe refers to gatherings of 10 people or fewer. Indoor restaurant dining bans were adopted when indoor dining was banned and were discontinued when indoor dining was reinstated, regardless of capacity specification or outdoor dining policies.