Table 3.
Diet interventions.
| Reference | Interventions | Interveners | Control | Duration | Outcomes | Measurer | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (26) | Low carbohydrate diet: carbohydrate:fat:protein: 40:40:20 500 kcal less than energy requirement |
Dietitians | Low fat diets: carbohydrate:fat:protein: 55:25:20 500 kcal less than energy requirement |
6 weeks | HFC, BMI, TG, HDL | Same trained assessor | TG decreased 18.09% in low carbohydrate diet. HFC and BMI decreased in both groups. Low carbohydrate diet. is better than low fat diet in improving HFC |
|
| (14) | Low carbohydrate diet: carbohydrate:fat:protein:40:40:20 |
Dietitians | Low-fat diets: carbohydrate:fat:protein: 50:30:20 |
12 weeks | HFC, BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, TG, HDL, FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR | Unmentioned | TG and HbA1c decreased in low carbohydrate diet. HFC decreased in both groups. Low carbohydrate diet. is better than low fat diet in improving HFC |
|
| (45) | Low carbohydrate diet: carbohydrate:fat:protein: 50:30+:15, 600–800 kcal less than energy requirement |
Nutritionists | Low-fat diets: carbohydrate:fat:protein: 60:25:15 600–800 kcal less than energy requirement |
3 months | HFC, BMI, WC, TG, HDL, FBG, HOMA-IR, CRP | Unmentioned | HFC and TG decreased in low carbohydrate diet. HDL increased in low carbohydrate diet. WC, FBG, and HOMA-IR decreased in both groups. |
|
| (46) | Low carbohydrate diet: carbohydrate:fat:protein: 5–10:50–80:10–40 |
Dietitians | Low-fat diets: carbohydrate:fat:protein: 45–60:20:10–20 |
12 weeks | HFC, BMI, SBP, DBP, TG, HDL, HbA1c, HOMA-IR | Unmentioned | HFC decreased 7.2% in LCHF diet. HFC decreased 6.1% in 5:2 diet. |
|
| (48) | Low carbohydrate diet: carbohydrate:fat:protein: 40–45:30–35:25, 7 meals/day, 30% less than energy requirement |
Unmentioned | Low-fat diets: carbohydrate:fat:protein: 55:30:15, 3–5 meals/day, 30% less than energy requirement |
24 months | HFC, BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, TG, HDL, HbA1c, HOMA-IR | Unmentioned | HFC, WC, and HOMA-IR decreased in FLiO group. | |
| (16) | Currant replacing snacks of similar caloric content and dietary counseling | Dietitians | Dietary counseling | 24 weeks | HFC, BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, TG, HDL, HbA1c | Unmentioned | WC and FBG reduced in the currant arm. HFC, BMI, HbA1c, and CRP reduced in both arms. |
|
| (11) | Rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products and low in saturated fats, cholesterol, refined grains, and sweets 350–700 kcal less than energy requirement |
Dietitians | Usual diets 350–700 kcal less than energy requirement |
8 weeks | HFC, BMI, WC, TG, HDL, FBG, HOMA-IR, CRP | Same trained examiner | BMI, WC, HOMA-IR, TG, and CRP decreased in DASH diet. | |
| (37) | Olive oil 20 g per day 500 kcal less than energy requirement |
Dietitians | Sunflower oil 20 g per day 500 kcal less than energy requirement |
12 weeks | HFC, BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, TG, HDL, FBG, HOMA-IR | Unmentioned | HFC and TG reduced in olive group. WC, SBP, and DBP reduced in both groups. |
|
| (36) | Soy milk instead of 1 serving of grains and fats 500 kcal less than energy requirement |
Unmentioned | Usual diets 500 kcal less than energy requirement |
8 weeks | HFC, BMI, WC, TG, HDL, CRP | Unmentioned | CRP decreased in soy milk group. | |
| (38) | Soy milk instead of 1 serving of grains and fats 500 kcal less than energy requirement |
Unmentioned | Usual diets 500 kcal less than energy requirement |
8 weeks | SBP, DBP, FBG, HOMA-IR | Unmentioned | DBP and HOMA-IR reduced in soy milk group. | |
| (39) | Purslane seeds 10 g/day before breakfast and dinner 500 kcal less than energy requirement |
Unmentioned | Usual diets 500 kcal less than energy requirement |
8 weeks | SBP, DBP, TG, HDL, FBG, HOMA-IR | Unmentioned | FBG and HOMA-IR reduced in purslane seed group | |
| (15) | At least half of cereal servings from whole-grain foods each day | Dietitians | Usual cereals | 12 weeks | HFC, SBP, DBP, TG, HDL, FBG, HOMA-IR | Same trained assessor | HFC, SBP, and DBP decreased in whole-grain foods | |
| (17) | A fast day with 25% of energy requirement and a feed day with ad libitum food | Unmentioned | Control: 80% of energy requirement | 12 weeks | HFC, BMI, WC, TG, HDL, FBG | Unmentioned | BMI and TG decreased in both ADF and TRF groups. | |
| An 8-h window for food intake and a 16-h window of fasting | ||||||||
| (47) | Protein restraining in meat products, 500 kcal less than energy requirement |
Unmentioned | Protein freely 500 kcal less than energy requirement |
3 months | HFC, BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, TG, HDL, FBG, HOMA-IR | Same trained assessor | HFC, BMI, WC, SBP, TG, FBG, and HOMA-IR decreased in LOV-D. | |
HFC, hepatic fat content; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high density lipoprotein; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homoeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance; CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.