. 2023 Feb 16;14:1081096. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1081096

Table 4.

Exercise interventions.

Reference	Types	Intervention			Control		Duration	Outcome	Result
Reference	Types	Types	Intensity	Supervision	Types	Intensity	Duration	Outcome	Result
(9)	Aerobic training	Aerobic training: 30–60 min×5 times/week	45%–55% of VO2 peak	Under supervision: 1 time/week	Daily activities	Unmentioned	16 weeks	HFC, BMI, TG, HDL	HFC decreased in aerobic training group.
(28)	Both	Aerobic training: 60 min×3 times/week	45%–55% of VO2 peak	Under supervision All	Resistance training: 10repetitions×3×3times/week	70%–80% 1RM	4 months	HFC, BMI, TG, HDL, HbA1c	HFC and HbA1c decreased in both groups.
(10)	Resistance training	Resistance training: 8–12 repetitions×3×3 times/week	Unmentioned	Under supervision ≥2 times	Daily activities	Unmentioned	3 months	HFC, BMI, WC, BP, TG, HDL, FBG, HbA1c	HFC, BMI, and WC decreased in resistance training group.
(29)	Aerobic training	Aerobic training: 30–40min×3 times/week	Unmentioned	Under supervision first 2 sessions	Daily activities	Unmentioned	12 weeks	HFC, BMI, TG, FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR	HFC and BMI decreased in HIIT group.
(30)	Both	Resistance exercise: 10 repetitions×2–3×3 times/week	70%–80% 1RM, RPE: 13–14	Under supervision Closely	Aerobic training: 20–30 min×3times/week	75% of max HR	12 weeks	HFC, BMI, WC, TG, HDL	HFC and WC decreased in resistance training group.
(12)	Aerobic training	Aerobic training I: Moderate 6month; 30 min×5 times/week and vigorous 6months 30 min×5times/week×6months	60%–80% of max HR for vigorous exercise; 45%–55% of max HR for moderate exercise	Under supervision 1 time/week	Daily activities	Unmentioned	12 months	HFC, BMI, WC, BP, TG, HDL	WC and SBP reduced in aerobic training I group. HFC reduced in both aerobic training groups.
(12)	Aerobic training	Aerobic training II: 30min×5times/week×12months	45%–55% of max HR	Under supervision 1 time/week	Daily activities	Unmentioned	12 months	HFC, BMI, WC, BP, TG, HDL
(32)	Aerobic training	Aerobic training: 30–50 min×2times/week	10% below RCP	Under supervision	Daily activities	Unmentioned	24 weeks	HFC, BMI, WC, TG, HDL,HbA1c,HOMA-IR	WC decreased and HDL increased in aerobic group.
(34)	Both	Aerobic trainingI: 3min×3vigorous +2 min×2 rests)×3 times/week	80%–85% of VO2 peak	Unmentioned	Resistance training: 3times/week	1RM	12 weeks	HFC, TG, HOMA-IR	HFC reduced in both aerobic groups.
(34)		Aerobic training II: 40min×3times/week	60%–65% of VO2 peak	Unmentioned	Resistance training: 3times/week	1RM	12 weeks	HFC, TG, HOMA-IR	HFC reduced in both aerobic groups.
(33)	Both	Aerobic training and/or Resistance training:45–60 min×3 times/week	Aerobic training: RPE: 16–18; Resistance training: RPE: 14–16	Under supervision	Daily activities	Unmentioned	12 weeks	HFC, TG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, CRP	HFC and TG reduced in interventions group.
(35)	Both	Aerobic training: 45 min×5 times/week,	50%–70% of max HR	Unmentioned	Daily activities	Unmentioned	6 months	HFC, BMI, WC, BP, TG,HLD,FBG,HOMA-IR	HFC, WC, DBP, TG, FBG, and HOMA-IR reduced in both interventions groups.
(35)	Both	Resistance training:: 10–15 repetitions×3×3/week	Unmentioned	Unmentioned	Daily activities	Unmentioned	6 months	HFC, BMI, WC, BP, TG,HLD,FBG,HOMA-IR
(41)	Aerobic training	Aerobic training: 4 min×3vigorous+2 min ×2 rests)×3/week	80%–85% of VO2 peak	Unmentioned	Daily activities	Unmentioned	8 weeks	HFC, BMI, TG, FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR	HFC, FBG, and HbA1c decreased in the aerobic group.
(44)	Resistance training:	Resistance training:: 40 min×4 times/week	60%–80% of max HR	Under supervision	Usual activities	Unmentioned	8 weeks	HFC, TG, HDL, FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR	HOMA-IR decreased in resistance training group.
(43)	Aerobic training	Aerobic training 30–60 min×5 times/week	60%–80% of max HR	Under supervision 1 time/week	Daily activities	Unmentioned	3 months	HFC, BMI, WC, BP, TG, FBG	HFC, WC, and TG reduced in aerobic training group.
(18)	Both	Aerobic training I:(4 min×3 vigorous+2 min×2rests)×3times/week	80%–85% of VO2 peak	Under supervision	Daily activities	Unmentioned	8 weeks	HFC, BMI, TG, HDL, HbA1c, HOMA-IR	HFC reduced in both intervention groups.
(18)	Both	Aerobic training II:(4 min×3 ME at +2 min×2rests)×3 times/week	60%–70% of max HR	Under supervision	Daily activities	Unmentioned	8 weeks	HFC, BMI, TG, HDL, HbA1c, HOMA-IR	HFC reduced in both intervention groups.

HFC, hepatic fat content; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homoeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance; CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; RPE, rating of perceived exertion; CWT, circuit weight training; HR, heart rate; RCP, respiratory compensation point.