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. 2023 Feb 15;25:e38619. doi: 10.2196/38619

Table 3.

Anxiety (Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI]) scores.

STAI scores Total (n=114) MEOPAa group (n=57) VRb group (n=57) P valuec
Per arm, median (range) 

Before the biopsy 38 (20-73) 37 (20-73) 39 (20-69) .79

After the biopsy 32 (20-65) 30 (20-65) 33 (20-57) .40
Distribution of scores, n (%)

Before the biopsy .29


Very low (<36) 41 (35.9) 23 (40.4) 18 (31.6)  


Low (36-46) 43 (37.7) 19 (33.3) 24 (42.1)  


Average (46-56) 17 (14.9) 6 (10.5) 11 (19.3)  


High (56-65) 11 (9.6) 8 (14.0) 3 (5.2)  


Very high (>65) 2 (1.8) 1 (1.8) 1 (1.8)  

After the biopsy .83


Very low (<36) 73 (64.0) 39 (68.4) 34 (59.6)  


Low (36-46) 28 (24.6) 12 (21.0) 16 (28.1)  


Average score (46-56) 6 (5.3) 3 (5.3) 3 (5.3)  


High (56-65) 4 (3.5) 2 (3.5) 2 (3.5)  


Very high (>65) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)  


Unknown 3 (2.6) 1 (1.8) 2 (3.5)  

aMEOPA: mixture of nitrous oxide/oxygen.

bVR: virtual reality.

cChi-square test.