Skip to main content
. 2023 Mar 2;57(5):653–665. doi: 10.1007/s43465-023-00845-2

Table 3.

Demographic, orthopaedic, and technology use descriptive statistics and stratified AI comfort level

Characteristicd Frequency/Mean Average AI comfort level
Mean (SD) p value
Age (years), mean (SD) 57.7 (15.0)
Age category, n (%) 0.0315
 18–< 45 83 (20.9) 6.0 (2.4)
 45–< 55 77 (19.4) 6.0 (2.3)
 55–< 65 90 (22.7) 6.8 (2.4)
 65—< 75 96 (24.2) 6.8 (2.4)
 75 +  51 (12.8) 6.3 (2.2)
Gender, n (%) 0.0001
 Female 247 (62.2) 6.1 (2.4)
 Male 141 (35.5) 7.1 (2.2)
 Other/Unknown 9 (2.3) 5.6 (3.4)
Education, n (%) 0.0029
 Less than HS/Unknown 25 (6.3) 5.3 (2.5)
 High school/equivalent 97 (24.4) 6.0 (2.7)
 Associate degree 52 (13.1) 5.8 (2.3)
 Bachelor’s degree 99 (24.9) 6.8 (2.2)
 Graduate degree 124 (31.2) 6.9 (2.1)
Race/ethnicity, n (%) 0.3139
 Non-Hispanic White 302 (76.1) 6.5 (2.3)
 Non-white/Hispanic 74 (18.6) 6.2 (2.3)
 Unknown 21 (5.3) 5.7 (3.2)
Religion, n (%) 0.1477
 Catholicism 118 (29.7) 6.4 (2.5)
 Protestantism 70 (17.6) 6.6 (2.1)
 Other 93 (23.4) 6.3 (2.3)
 No religion 80 (20.2) 6.9 (2.3)
 Unknown 36 (9.1) 5.6 (2.6)
Occupation, n (%) 0.4252
 Healthcare 68 (17.1) 6.5 (2.2)
 Management 40 (10.1) 6.4 (2.8)
 Skilled trade 20 (5.0) 6.2 (2.6)
 Education 27 (6.8) 6.7 (2.2)
 Other/Multiple fields 134 (33.8) 6.6 (2.2)
 Retired 74 (18.6) 6.6 (2.2)
 Student/Unemployed/Unknown 34 (8.6) 5.2 (3.0)
Survey format, n (%)  < .0001
 REDCap 348 (87.7) 6.6 (2.2)
 Tablet 30 (7.6) 4.0 (2.7)
 Paper 19 (4.8) 6.4 (2.8)
Survey site, n (%) 0.4096
 Rural integrated health system 184 (46.4) 6.3 (2.5)
 Urban academic health system 213 (53.6) 6.5 (2.3)
Orthopaedic complaint, n (%) 0.5191
 Neck/back pain 181 (45.6) 6.6 (2.2)
 Foot/ankle/hand/wrist pain 33 (8.3) 6.3 (2.3)
 Knee pain 71 (17.9) 6.0 (2.3)
 Hip pain 36 (9.1) 6.8 (2.2)
 Shoulder/elbow pain 34 (8.6) 6.1 (3.1)
 Other 16 (4.0) 6.2 (2.2)
 Unknown 26 (6.6) 6.3 (3.0)
Prior orthopaedic surgery, n (%) 0.0814
 No 173 (43.6) 6.4 (2.3)
 Yes, one 102 (25.7) 6.4 (2.4)
 Yes, multiple 106 (26.7) 6.7 (2.4)
 Unknown 16 (4.0) 5.0 (2.3)
Cell phone use frequency, n (%) 0.1983
  > 1 h/day 300 (75.6) 6.5 (2.3)
  < 1 h/day 63 (15.9) 6.6 (2.3)
 Only to make calls 23 (5.8) 5.7 (2.7)
 Never/Do not own a cell phone 4 (1.0) 6.0 (2.8)
 Unknown 7 (1.8) 4.2 (2.3)
Computer use frequency, n (%) 0.0535
  > 3 h/day 184 (46.4) 6.7 (2.2)
 1–3 h/day 107 (27.0) 6.6 (2.3)
  < 1 h/day 50 (12.6) 6.1 (2.6)
 Weekly 21 (5.3) 6.4 (2.4)
 Monthly 14 (3.5) 5.4 (2.7)
 Never/Do not own a computer 15 (3.8) 4.9 (2.9)
 Unknown 6 (1.5) 4.4 (3.4)
Experience with AI/ML, n (%)  < .0001
 Work(ed) in a field relevant/directly related to AI/ML 22 (5.5) 7.1 (1.9)
 Understand how AI/ML function 64 (16.1) 7.4 (1.8)
 Have researched terms 44 (11.1) 7.1 (2.0)
 Have heard of terms 174 (43.8) 6.3 (2.4)
 Do not know AI/ML/Unknown 93 (23.4) 5.6 (2.6)
 Average AI comfort level, mean (SD) 6.4 (2.4)
Average AI comfort level, n (%)
  ≤  Median (6.8) 192 (48.4)
  > Median (6.8) 195 (49.1)
Unknown 10 (2.5)