Table 4.
Multivariable model controlling for age, gender, and education
| Multivariable model1 | Beta coeff. (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Base model | ||
| Age (continuous) | 0.016 (0.00020, 0.031) | 0.0471 |
| Gender | < .0001 | |
| Female | Reference | – |
| Male | 1.06 (0.58, 1.53) | < .0001 |
| Other/unknown | 0.30 (− 1.48, 2.09) | 0.7389 |
| Education | 0.0018 | |
| Less than HS/unknown | − 0.73 (− 1.79, 0.34) | 0.1812 |
| High school/equivalent | Reference | – |
| Associate degree | 0.0052 (− 0.78, 0.79) | 0.9896 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.81 (0.17, 1.46) | 0.0136 |
| Graduate degree | 0.85 (0.24, 1.46) | 0.0065 |
| Base model + experience with AI/ML | ||
| Experience with AI/ML | 0.0018 | |
| Work(ed) in a field relevant/directly related to AI/ML | 0.56 (− 0.46, 1.58) | 0.2784 |
| Understand how AI/ML function | 1.06 (0.40, 1.72) | 0.0016 |
| Have researched terms | 0.64 (− 0.11, 1.39) | 0.0935 |
| Have heard of terms | Reference | – |
| Unknown/do not know what AI/ML mean | − 0.43 (− 1.02, 0.16) | 0.1515 |
| Base model + perceived impact of AI in orthopaedic care | ||
| Perceived impact of AI in orthopaedic care | < .0001 | |
| Positive | Reference | – |
| Negative | − 4.70 (− 5.42, − 3.98) | < .0001 |
| Not sure/unknown | − 2.39 (− 2.77, − 2.01) | < .0001 |
| Base model + perceived impact of AI on healthcare costs | ||
| Perceived impact of AI on healthcare costs | 0.0013 | |
| Increase | Reference | – |
| Decrease | 1.20 (0.55, 1.84) | 0.0003 |
| Not sure/unknown | 0.43 (− 0.080, 0.93) | 0.0987 |
| Base model + Would refuse AI if increased healthcare costs | ||
| Would refuse AI if increased healthcare costs | < .0001 | |
| Yes | Reference | – |
| No | 2.16 (1.57, 2.76) | < .0001 |
| Not sure/unknown | 1.00 (0.49, 1.52) | 0.0001 |
| Base model + acceptable for doctor to sell health data to a third party for building intelligent computers for healthcare | ||
| Acceptable for doctor to sell health data to a third party for building intelligent computers for healthcare | < .0001 | |
| Yes | 1.28 (0.71, 1.85) | < .0001 |
| No | Reference | – |
| Not sure/unknown | 0.67 (0.15, 1.20) | 0.0116 |
| Base model + survey format | ||
| Survey format | < .0001 | |
| REDCap | Reference | – |
| Tablet | − 2.36 (− 3.26, − 1.47) | < .0001 |
| Paper | − 0.24 (− 1.30, 0.82) | 0.6526 |
Base model includes the three significantly associated variables, age, gender, and education. Subsequent regressions were performed with the base model and one additional predictor for statistical testing
1Except for Base model only results for demographic control variables not shown