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. 2022 Oct 13;13(2):517–541. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.10.010

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Propulsion strategies of MNMs. (A) Bubble propulsion of MNMs. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 84. Copyright © 2018 Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; (B) self-diffusiophoresis of MNMs. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 85. Copyright © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry; (C) Self-electrophoresis of MNMs. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 88. Copyright © 2006 American Chemical Society; (D) light-driven MNMs. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 93. Copyright © 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry; (E) magnetic field-driven MNMs. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 85. Copyright © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry; (F) electric field-driven MNMs. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 99. Copyright © 2007 Nature Publishing Group.