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. 2022 Oct 13;13(2):517–541. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.10.010

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© 2022 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

MNMs for overcoming biological barriers. (A) Leukocyte-inspired magnetically actuated micromotors to perform locomotion under blood flow. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 165. Copyright © 2020 American Association for the Advancement of Science; (B) magnetic field and inflammatory factors-responsive biohybrid neutrobots for crossing the blood–brain barrier. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 50. Copyright © 2021 American Association for the Advancement of Science; (C) helical magnetically actuated nanomotors for penetrating the vitreous barrier. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 47. Copyright © 2018 American Association for the Advancement of Science; (D) gold-nanoshell-functionalized conical tubular micromotors for photomechanical poration of cell membrane. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 173. Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society.