Table 3.
The information of research articles
| Title | First author | Year | Conclusion | T. vaginalis causes cancer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significance of variations in the size of Trichomonas vaginalis in patients with dysplasia, intrapithelial and invasive planocellular carcinoma of the uterine cervix | Mekki F | 1979 | Small forms of T. vaginalis are more pathogenic than large ones and might be one of the causative agents of the atypical transformation of the squamous epithelium of the uterine cervix | Yes |
| Enhancement versus tumor resistance induced by different levels of immunodepression in BALB/c mice with protozoan infections | Landolfo S | 1979 | In T. vaginalis infected mice, a slight and transient depression of both humoral and cellular immune reactivity induces an enhanced tumor growth | Yes |
| Gas chromatographic studies on propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid in culture fluid of Trichomonas vaginalis | Ishiguro T | 1984 | Propionic acid or iso-valeric acid produced by T. vaginalis had a promoter-like activity and/or promoter-enhancing effect, which is, at least in part, responsible for the promotion of cervical cancer or vaginal cancer | Yes |
| Pseudocyst forms of Trichomonas vaginalis from cervical neoplasia | Afzan MY | 2012 | T. vaginalis phenotypic variant forms of pseudocysts does exist and this phenotype with higher nuclear content and more rough and creased surface with higher numbers of deep micropores with larger numbers of chromatin masses, vacuoles, and hydrogenosomes play a role in exacerbating cervical cancer | Yes |
| Phenotypic 'variant' forms of Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites from cervical neoplasia patients | Yusof AM | 2012 | T. vaginalis trophozoites in cervical neoplasia isolates showed more rough and creased surface with numerous deep micropores, and there was higher numbers of vacuoles and hydrogenosomes in these forms. These were virulent forms which could aggravate or exacerbate cervical neoplasia conditions | Yes |
| Light microscopic observation on phagocytosis of Candida spp. blastospores by Trichomonas vaginalis in a patient with anal canal carcinoma | Oz ZS | 2012 | Yes | |
| Epitopes of the highly immunogenic Trichomonas vaginalis α-actin in are serodiagnostic targets for both women and men | Neace CJ | 2013 | There is a relationship between seropositivity for α-actinin truncated protein of T. vaginalis and prostate cancer | Yes |
| Association of Trichomonas vaginalis with its symbiont Mycoplasma hominis synergistically upregulates the in vitro proinflammatory response of human monocytes | Fiori PL | 2013 | The synergistic upregulation of the macrophage proinflammatory response might also affect some important clinical conditions associated with T. vaginalis infection, such as the increased risk of acquiring cervical cancer or HIV, which are thought to be affected by the inflammatory milieu during trichomoniasis | Yes |
| Trichomonas vaginalis homolog of macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces prostate cell growth, invasiveness, and inflammatory responses | Twu O | 2014 | Chronic T. vaginalis infections may result in TvMIF-driven inflammation and cell proliferation, thus triggering pathways that contribute to the promotion and progression of prostate cancer | Yes |
| Trichomonas vaginalis: a possible foe to prostate cancer | Zhu Z | 2016 | T. vaginalis inhibits the growth and development of prostate cancer | No |
| Signalling pathways associated with IL-6 production and epithelial-mesenchymal transition induction in prostate epithelial cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis | Han IH | 2016 | Inflammatory conditions induced by T. vaginalis infections have been shown to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) | Yes |
| Proliferation of Prostate Stromal Cell Induced by Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Epithelial Cell Stimulated With Trichomonas vaginalis via Crosstalk With Mast Cell | Kim JH | 2016 | The inflammatory response by benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelial cells stimulated with T. vaginalis induce the proliferation of prostate stromal cells via crosstalk with mast cells | Yes |
| Inflammatory Responses in a Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Epithelial Cell Line (BPH-1) Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis | Kim SS | 2016 | The level of IL-6 in BPH-1 cells infected with T. vaginalis increased, and IL-6 is considered to promote the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer | Yes |
| Trichomonas Vaginalis Inhibits HeLa Cell Growth Through Modulation of Critical Molecules for Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis | Zhu Z | 2018 | T. vaginalis culture supernatant inhibited the growth of HeLa cervical cancer cells by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis | No |
| Druggability of the guanosine/adenosine/cytidine nucleoside hydrolase from Trichomonas vaginalis | Alam R | 2018 | Individuals infected with T. vaginalis have a higher susceptibility to more serious conditions such as cervical and prostate cancer | Yes |
| Inflammatory mediators of prostate epithelial cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis promote proliferative and invasive properties of prostate cancer cells | Han IH | 2019 | T. vaginalis infection may be one of the factors creating the supportive microenvironment to promote proliferation and invasiveness of PCa cells | Yes |
| Experimental rat prostatitis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis infection | Jang KS | 2019 | T. vaginalis has been detected in prostatic tissue of patients with prostatitis and reported to be associated with chronic prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia as well as prostate cancer | Yes |
| IL-6 produced by prostate epithelial cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis promotes proliferation of prostate cancer cells by inducing M2 polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages | Han IH | 2020 | When T. vaginalis infection causes inflammation, prostate epithelial cells produce IL-6, macrophages polarize into M2 type, and M2 macrophages promote the proliferation and migration of cancer cells | Yes |
| Gardnerella vaginalis and Trichomonas vaginalis infections and the risk of persistence or progression of low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia | Raffone A | 2020 | T. vaginalis infection alone does not significantly affect the risk of persistence or progression of such lesions, while it may greatly increase the risk of progression when associated with G. vaginalis infection | Yes |
| Polarization of M2 Macrophages by Interaction between Prostate Cancer Cells Treated with Trichomonas vaginalis and Adipocytes | Chung HY | 2020 | Interaction between inflamed PCa treated with T. vaginalis and adipocytes causes M2 macrophage polarization, so contributing to the progression of PCa | Yes |
| The Role of Purinergic Signaling in Trichomonas vaginalis Infection | Ferla M | 2020 | T. vaginalis infect the prostate and make prostate epithelial cells express P2X1, P2X2 and P2X7 receptors, affecting the purinergic signaling of host, which may be related to prostate cancer | Yes |
| Inflammation driven tumor-like signaling in prostatic epithelial cells by sexually transmitted Trichomonas vaginalis | Kushwaha B | 2020 | The initiation of inflammation driven tumor-like cell signaling in parasite-infected human prostatic epithelial cells is apparent, with the prostate tumor (DU145) cells being more sensitive to T. vaginalis than normal (RWPE-1) prostatic cells | Yes |
| Investigation of viral etiology in potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinomas in non-smoking, non-drinking patients | Pérot P | 2020 | T. vaginalis can induce the production of a large number of different proinflammatory cytokines, which is associated with a high risk of high-grade or metastatic prostate cancer | Yes |
| Molecular Examination of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Risk of Prostate Cancer in the Biopsy of Patients with Different Prostate Lesions | Kamarkhani Z | 2021 | T. vaginalis may have no pathogenic effect on different prostate lesions | No |
| Signaling Role of Adipocyte Leptin in Prostate Cell Proliferation Induced by Trichomonas vaginalis | Kim JH | 2021 | T. vaginalis contributes to prostate enlargement in BPH via adipocyte leptin released as a result of inflammation of the prostate | Yes |