Fig. 4.

DCS ensemble average of the entire 500 pixel × 500 pixel area of the SwissSPAD3 (left). The water-to-milk ratio of the liquid phantom was 1:5. The measured ḡ₂(τ)|_{M = 2.5e5} (blue dots) has been fit (red dashed line) to the expected diffusive scattering model of e^(-τ/τc), with τ_c= 107.7 µs. The SNR increases with pixel area (right), and averaging over the entire 500 pixels × 500 pixels (excluding hot pixels and edge effects) allows for unprecedented accuracy, with STD(ḡ₂(τ)|_{M = 2.5e5}) = 2.6 × 10⁻⁴, and an SNR gain of 473.0 over a single pixel.