Table 1.

List of the most relevant in vivo studies concerning RES bioavailability upon oral, i.v. administration of different RES-loaded nanotechnology-based carriers.

Nanocarriers	In vivo model	Via	RES dose	Outcomes (comparatively to free RES)	Ref
liposomes	Charles Foster rats	i.v.	2 mg/kg dose.	AUC: 30-fold increased; t1/2: 29.7-fold increased; CL: 33-fold decreased; MRT: 29.5-fold decreased	Vijayakumar et al. (2016)
Polymeric nanoparticles (PLGA)	Wistar rats	Oral	20.0 mg/kg	AUC0→∞ : 10.6-fold increased; Cmax: 1.2-fold increased; Tmax: 28.0-fold increased; Absorption rate: Ka was 7.2-fold increased);	Singh & Pai (2014)
Lipid nanocarrier	Wistar rats	i.v.	2 mg/kg	AUC0→∞:8.7-fold increased; Cmax: 1.4-fold increased; CL: 13.4-fold decreased; t1/2: 15-fold increased.	Poonia et al. (2020)
Micelles (TPGS)	Sprague-Dawley rats	Oral	20.0 mg/kg	AUC0→∞: 3.5-fold increased; Cmax: 2.2-fold increased; MRT: 1.2-fold increased.	Singh et al. (2017)
Nanocrystals	Wistar rats	Oral	40 mg/kg	AUC: 6.3-fold increased; Tmax: 2-fold decreased; Cmax: 3-fold increased; MRT: 3-fold increased.	Argenziano et al. (2022)
Nanoemulsions	Wistar rats	Oral	120 mg/kg	AUC0 →∞: 1.3-fold increased; Cmax: 3.4-fold increased; CL: 1.2-fold decreased; MRT: 1.1-fold decreased; Vd: 1.5-fold decreased.	Hao et al. (2015)
Protein-based nanoparticles	Kunming mice	i.v.	1.5 mg/kg	Targeting efficiency increased; RES accumulation in the liver, kidney, heart, and ovaries;	Guo et al. (2010)

AUC: area under the concentration-time curve (plasma exposure); t_1/2: plasma half life; CL: clearance; MRT: mean residence time; AUC_{0 →∞}: area under the concentration time-curve from time zero to infinity; C_max: peak plasma concentration; i.v.: intravenous; Ka: absorption rate constant; PLGA: Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid); RES: Resveratrol; t_max: time to achieve the maximum concentration; TPGS: D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 400 succinate