Table 2.

RES-loaded liposomes used for the treatment of various diseases.

Composition	Targeting moiety	Preparation method	Physicochemical characteristics	Cell line/animal model	Disease	Major outcome	Ref.
Soy PC; cholesterol	None	Film dispersion	PS, ∼110 nm; PI, 0.140; ZP, ∼-28 mV; DL, 25.3%; EE, 96%	Murine 3T3-L1 fibroblasts	Obesity	Increased water solubility and stability; enhanced browning of white fat cells	Zu et al. (2018)
1,2-Bis-myristyloxyamidopropyl ornithine; sucrose laurate L126	Tumor microenvironment	Thin-film hydration	PS, ∼140 nm; ZP, ∼40 mV; EE, >90%	Human breast cancer MCF-7 and MCR-5 cells; male BALB/c nude mice	Breast cancer	Enhanced bioavailability and anti-tumor activity	Zhao et al. (2020)
Pluronic® L64; tocopherol-PEG-succinate; phospholipon 90 G	None	Ice-bath sonication	PS, ∼85 nm; PI, ∼0.2; ZP, −20 mV; DL, 5.3%; EE, 94.9%	Erythrocyte cells	Oxidative stress	Extension of half-life in the blood circulation	Caddeo et al. (2018)
PT-98T; cholesterol; DSPE-PEG2000	None	Thin-film hydration	PS, ∼136 nm; ZP, −11 mV; DL, 3.9%; EE, 81.3%	Mouse macrophages; L929 mouse fibroblasts; human umbilical vein endothelial cells; BALB/c female mice (7–8 weeks old)	Periodontitis	High anti-inflammatory activity	Shi et al. (2021)
Chitosan; Au; SPC	Tumor microenvironment	None	PS, ∼140 nm; ZP, ∼7 mV	HeLa cells	Cervical cancer	Improved drug cellular uptake; synergistic antitumor effect	Wang et al. (2017)
1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; cholesterol; PEG-PE; TPP-DSPE-PEG	Mitochondria	Thin-film hydration	PS, ∼115 nm; PI, 0.22; ZP, ∼10.46 mV	B16F-10 cells	Melanoma	Increased antitumor activity	Kang & Ko (2019)

DL: drug loading efficiency; DSPE: 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; EE: entrapment efficiency; PC: phosphatidylcholine; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PEG: poly(ethylene glycol); PI: polydispersity index; PS: particle size; SPC: soybean phosphatidylcholine; TPP, 4-carboxybutyl triphenylphosphonium bromide; ZP: zeta potential