Table 4.

Summary of evidence on impact of health systems adaptations and intervention models to improve NCD care during COVID-19 pandemic

NCD type	NCDs service delivery adaptations and intervention	Potential impact	Study (year)
Diabetes	Telemedicine, teleconsultation strategy	Teleconsultation for diabetes care resulted in better treatment adherence, a 90% glycaemic control, greater commitment to diabetes management	Angulo et al. (2021) [35]
	Telemedicine care service by telephone	A total of 1118 consultations were made by telephone and follow-up was subsequently continued in 192 patients with type 2 diabetes. Different professionals from different health areas participated in the telemedicine care service delivery. Nearly all the patients (95%) of the patients considered telemedicine strategy useful for the management of their disease.	Silva-Tinoco et al. (2021) [47]
Psychiatry and mental health disorders	Telephonic aftercare services telephonic follow-up services	Telephonic aftercare services save a lot of time and money for patients. Telephonic consultations are not only feasible, but also provide useful means to reach out to patients, who particularly require routine follow-up consultations.	Naik et al. (2021) [38]
	Telehealth case management	Telehealth case management reduced risks of psychiatric instability from stress related to COVID-19.	Salum et al. (2020) [48]
	Telemedicine services	Increased feasibility, acceptability, and accessibility of mental health service delivery in community outreach clinics	Sidana et al. (2020) [41]
	Digital introductory MH training – short-term synchronous training	37% improvements in knowledge scores of the participants on case-based scenarios on providing mental health care services to clients	Philip et al. (2022) [43]
	Telemedicine services	Telemedicine enabled expansion of service and clientele as well as efficiency, but there were issues of casualization of therapy and poor privacy.	Nair et al. (2021) [44]
Hypertension	Decentralization of hypertension, services and provision of free medication to peripheral health centers	In the decentralized facilities, hypertensive patients recorded a much higher rates of follow-up and as well controlled their blood pressure than in the non-decentralized facilities. The BP control rates had similar patterns to the follow-up rates and were higher in the intervention groups. Differences in follow-up and hypertension control rates were statistically significant (P < 0.001) for the 2020 six-month cohort. For the decentralized groups, the follow-up rate was 86% in the 2019 pilot cohort and 78% in the March 2020 cohort, a 9% difference. for the non-intervention groups, the follow-up rate was 74% in the 2019 pilot cohort and 36% in the March 2020 cohort	Reddy et al. (2021) [39]
Cancer	Telemedicine	Telemedicine resulted in a decline in outpatient clinic footfalls by 51%, inpatient admissions reduced by 44%, about 82% of patient/caregivers gave positive feedback about telemedicine and that 64% of the patients and caregivers felt assured about available support system	Atreya et al. (2020) [37]
Parkinson disease	Tele-medicine follow-up of patients	Facilitated contact with patients during the nation-wide lockdown, encouraged prompt response to patient needs and helped to alleviate the fear of COVID-19; aided in maintaining functionality of health care services to respond to the needs of people living with Parkinson disease without any additional cost.	Shukla et al. (2021) [40]
NCDs	Telemedicine	In-person consultations decreased by 1.9 ± 4.47 visits per year, in 2020 vs 2019. Consultation times had significantly decreased (OR = 6.43, 95% CI = 1.7-24.08, P = 0.006). Difficulty in obtaining in-person appointments, along with the reduced physical examination during consultations	Ullas et al. (2021) [42]

NCD – non-communicable disease, MH – mental health, OR – odds ratio, CI – confidence interval