Table V. —Means (standard errors) for changes within-group and adjusted means (95% confidence intervals) for differences in changes between-groups for all outcome variables.
| Outcome variables | Time frame | Changes within groups* | Changes between groups# | Effect size (partial η2) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR-BT (N.=24) | P-value | PR (N.=24) | P value | Difference | P value | |||
| Primary outcomes | ||||||||
| TUG (s) | Baseline- postintervention | -2.3 (0.6) | 0.002 | -0.3 (0.6) | 1.00 | -2.8 (-4.8 to -0.8) | 0.01 | 0.16 |
| Baseline-3-month follow-up | -1.4 (0.6) | 0.06 | 1.0 (0.6) | 0.23 | -2.8 (-4.6 to -1.1) | 0.002 | 0.20 | |
| Postintervention-3-month follow-up | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.09 | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.03 | - | - | - | |
| PPA composite scores (points) | Baseline- postintervention | -0.7 (0.3) | 0.01 | -0.2 (0.3) | 1.00 | -1.1 (-1.8 to -0.4) | 0.01 | 0.17 |
| Baseline-3-month follow-up | -0.7 (0.3) | 0.07 | 0.2 (0.3) | 1.00 | -1.4 (-2.0 to -0.7) | <0.001 | 0.28 | |
| Postintervention-3-month follow-up | 0 (0.3) | 1.00 | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.94 | - | - | - | |
| - Visual contrast sensitivity (dB) | Baseline- postintervention | -0.6 (0.8) | 0.88 | -2.7 (0.8) | 0.88 | 2.1 (-0.6 to 4.7) | 0.12 | 0.05 |
| Baseline-3-month follow-up | -0.7 (0.5) | 0.48 | -1.6 (0.5) | 0.48 | 0.6 (-0.8 to 2.1) | 0.38 | 0.02 | |
| Postintervention-3-month follow-up | -0.1 (0.8) | 1.00 | 1.1 (0.8) | 0.46 | - | - | - | |
| - Proprioception (deg) | Baseline- postintervention | -0.6 (0.3) | 0.11 | 0.0 (0.3) | 1.00 | -0.3 (-1.0 to 0.4) | 0.35 | 0.02 |
| Baseline-3-month follow-up | -1.2 (0.2) | <0.001 | 0.2 (0.2) | 1.00 | -1.0 (-1.5 to -0.5) | <0.001 | 0.25 | |
| Post-intervention-3-month follow-up | -0.6 (0.3) | 0.20 | 2.2 (0.3) | 1.00 | - | - | - | |
| - Quadriceps strength (kg) | Baseline- postintervention | 1.7 (1.1) | 1.00 | 2.3 (1.1) | 0.04 | -1.1 (-4.4 to 2.3) | 0.53 | 0.01 |
| Baseline-3-month follow-up | 4.0 (1.2) | 0.03 | 1.4 (1.2) | 0.39 | 3.0 (-0.5 to 6.5) | 0.09 | 0.06 | |
| Postintervention-3-month follow-up | 2.3 (1.0) | 0.07 | -0.9 (1.0) | 1.00 | - | - | - | |
| - Reaction time (ms) | Baseline- postintervention | -11.9 (19.2) | 0.69 | -29.8 (19.2) | 1.00 | -68.3 (-127.1 to -9.5) | 0.02 | 0.11 |
| Baseline-3-month follow-up | -15.6 (16.7) | 0.54 | -32.7 (16.7) | 0.46 | -80.8 (-119.4 to -42.2) | <0.001 | 0.29 | |
| Postintervention-3-month follow-up | -3.6 (16.6) | 1.00 | -2.9 (16.6) | 1.00 | - | - | - | |
| - Sway path length (mm) | Baseline- postintervention | -76.1 (20.8) | 0.001 | -31.7 (20.8) | 0.83 | -38.7 (-77.1 to -0.2) | 0.04 | 0.09 |
| Baseline-3-month follow-up | -52.5 (20.7) | 0.04 | 25.1 (20.7) | 0.63 | -69.3 (-127.8 to -12.9) | 0.02 | 0.13 | |
| Postintervention-3-month follow-up | 23.5 (22.7) | 0.65 | 56.7 (22.7) | 0.08 | - | - | - | |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||||
| ABC (%) | Baseline- postintervention | 5.1 (3.8) | 0.26 | 1.0 (3.8) | 1.00 | 11.2 (1.8 to 20.6) | 0.02 | 0.12 |
| Baseline-3-month follow-up | 8.8 (4.1) | 0.04 | -0.1 (4.1) | 1.00 | 17.4 (7.0 to 27.8) | 0.002 | 0.21 | |
| Postintervention-3-month follow-up | 3.7 (3.7) | 0.95 | -1.0 (3.7) | 1.00 | - | - | - | |
| mMRC dyspnea (level) | Baseline- Postintervention | -1.0 (0.2) | <0.001 | -0.3 (0.2) | 0.02 | -1.1 (-1.5 to -0.6) | <0.001 | 0.32 |
| Baseline-3-month follow-up | -0.7 (0.2) | 0.01 | -0.04 (0.2) | 0.80 | -0.9 (-1.5 to -0.4) | 0.001 | 0.21 | |
| Postintervention-3-month follow-up | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.14 | -0.4 (0.2) | 1.00 | - | - | - | |
| 6MWD (m) | Baseline- Postintervention | 33.1 (10.4) | 0.01 | 29.6 (10.4) | 0.04 | 17.2 (-14.0 to 48.5) | 0.27 | 0.02 |
| Baseline-3-month follow-up | 27.4 (14.4) | 0.35 | 3.4 (14.4) | 1.00 | 32.0 (-12.8 to 76.9) | 0.16 | 0.05 | |
| Postintervention-3-month follow-up | -5.7 (12.0) | 1.00 | -26.2 (12.0) | 0.20 | - | - | - | |
| CAT-TH (points) | Baseline- Postintervention | -6.4 (1.3) | <0.001 | 1.0 (1.3) | 1.00 | -7.0 (-10.4 to -3.6) | <0.001 | 0.29 |
| Baseline-3-month follow-up | -4.8 (1.1) | <0.001 | -0.5 (1.1) | 1.00 | -4.3 (-7.1 to -1.5) | 0.004 | 0.18 | |
| Postintervention-3-month follow-up | 1.6 (1.0) | 0.30 | -1.5 (1.0) | 0.33 | - | - | - | |
#Adjusted for baseline values, gender, and %predictedFEV1. #For differences between-groups, negative values in TUG, PPA composite scores, proprioception, reaction time, sway path length, mMRC dyspnea, and CAT-TH favor the PR-BT group in the pairwise comparison. *For changes within-groups, negative values denote improvement, except for visual contrast sensitivity, quadriceps strength, ABC and 6MWD where positive values denote improvement. dB: decibel; deg: degree; kg: kilogram; mm: millimeter; ms: millisecond; PR-BT: balance training combined with PR group; PR: pulmonary rehabilitation group; s: second; η2: eta squared.