| Primary |
Absolute contraindications |
| Detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with chest pain (chest discomfort) syndromes or potential symptom equivalents |
Acute myocardial infarction within 2 days |
| Evaluation of anatomic and functional severity of CAD |
Ongoing unstable angina |
| Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause death |
Uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia with hemodynamic compromise |
| Evaluation of physical capacity and effort tolerance |
Active endocarditis |
| Evaluation of exercise-related symptoms |
Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis |
| Assessment of chronotropic competence, arrhythmias, and response to implanted device therapy |
Decompensated heart failure |
| Assessment of the response to medical interventions |
Acute pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infarction, or deep vein thrombosis |
| Acute myocarditis or pericarditis |
| Acute aortic dissection |
| Physical disability that precludes safe and adequate testing |
| Additional |
Relative contraindications |
| Development of the exercise plan or prescription |
Known obstructive left main coronary artery stenosis |
| Response to medication |
Moderate to severe aortic stenosis with uncertain relation to symptoms |
| Evaluation of perioperative risk for non-cardiac surgery |
Tachyarrhythmias with uncontrolled ventricular rates |
|
Acquired advanced or complete heart block |
|
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with severe resting gradient |
|
Recent stroke or transient ischemic attack |
|
Mental impairment with limited ability to cooperate |
|
Resting hypertension with systolic or diastolic blood pressures >200/110 mmHg |
|
Uncorrected medical conditions, such as significant anemia, important electrolyte imbalance, and hyperthyroidism |
