Figure 1.

Stages of human T1D disease, corresponding endotype characteristics and windows of opportunities for ASIT.

ASITs that induce durable tolerance can be used in high-risk patients, patients with recent onset who have sufficient residual C-peptide (reflecting endogenous insulin production) and, in the future, patients with grafted autologous stem cell-derived β-cells. Patients with allogeneic islet grafts will require additional treatments to curb alloreactivity, although autoreactive Tregs may provide some protection through bystander suppression (Figure 2).