Table 3.

Deductive coding for the scoping review using the CANMeds framework.

		Medical expert	Communicator	Collaborator	Leader	Health advocate	Scholar	Professional
Themes	Subthemes
Pain medicine competencies and practices	Improving pain assessment	Pain assessment, use of validated tools	Creating reliable virtual platforms for discussing challenging scenarios				Further research into effective continuing education delivery models
	Advancing opioid prescribing and deprescribing strategies	Supporting the transition of practice guidelines, opioid deprescribing
	Nonpharmacological interventions to manage pain	Increased use of allied health supports
Interprofessional collaboration	Challenges in building interprofessional collaboration			Tele-mentoring (e.g., ECHO), optimizing use of physio- and psychotherapy
	Deficits in local and regional resources			Virtual consultation	Developing local/regional resources for care with primary, secondary, and tertiary pain centers of expertise	Streamlining referral pathways	Availability of in-person or virtual training for updates in pain medicine
Attitudes and therapeutic relationships	Therapeutic relations between PCPs and patients with CNCP		Knowledge transfer and communication between tertiary pain centers and PCPs			Enhancing access to resources for improving mental and social health		Early exposure to CNCP in medical training to shift negative attitudes toward CNCP
	Deficits in training PCP trainees in managing CNCP	Integrating pain medicine in medical and nursing schools’ curricula
Strategies to reduce gaps in care		Enhancing pain curriculum in both undergraduate and postgraduate programs	Increasing means by which PCPs can obtain supports in addition to traditional consults via e-consult and telephone consultations	Knowledge transfer through effective use of various technology mediums and shared care models	Sharing expertise between pain centers and primary care	Streamlining referral pathways	Continuous reevaluation of strategies trialed moving forward to foster lifelong learning in the profession	Initiatives such as Project ECHO to increase empathy and confidence in caring for patients with CNCP