Smokers have more cells with strong-expressed UCHL1 than ex- and non-smokers. (a) Representative pictures of negative and positive UCHL1 staining in lung tissue. The positively stained UCHL1 cells in bronchial airways had either a weak, medium, or strong expression. (b) Quantification of manually counted cells with a strong expression of UCHL1 in airway epithelium of non-smokers (n = 10), smokers (n = 12), and ex-smokers (n = 12). Significance was analysed by nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test. (c) mRNA expression of UCHL1 in total RNA isolated from non-smokers, smokers, and ex-smokers by LCM-collected epithelium (n = 6). Significance was analysed by one-way ANOVA. (d) UCHL1 mRNA expression was increased in current smokers from GEO dataset. UCHL1 expression was measured by microarray through brushing from intra-pulmonary airways (the right upper lobe carina) and scrapings from the buccal mucosa, which is from smoking and non-smoking volunteers (including 34 smokers, 23 non-smokers, and 18 ex-smokers). Gene expression is shown as log2 (MI). Significance was analysed by nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001. Abbreviations: MI, Microarray Intensity.