UCHL1 inhibitor represses TGF-β1-induced upregulation of COL1A1. (a, b) H1299 cells (a) or BEAS-2B cells (b) were incubated with medium containing 0.5% serum and 50 ng/ml Vitamin C for 12 h when the cells were 80% confluence. Cells were treated with 10 ng/ml TGF-β1 for 72 h (medium containing TGF-β1 was changed every 24 h). (c, d) H1299 cells (c) or BEAS-2B cells (d) were incubated with medium containing 0.5% serum and 50 ng/ml Vitamin C for 12 h. Cells were treated with 10 ng/ml TGF-β1 for 48 h (medium containing TGF-β1 was changed every 24 h), and co-treated with TGF-β1 and 5 µM LDN57444 or DMSO for another 24 h. Cells were harvested for RNA isolation and the mRNA expression of COL1A1, fibronectin, COL3A1, CNN1, and CDH1 were performed by real-time qRT-PCR (n = 3). Statistical significance was determined using two-tailed unpaired t-test, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.