Figure 6.

Fructose promotes glycolysis. (a) qRT-PCR for expression of genes in glycolysis in the absence and presence of fructose. (b) Activity of PFK, GAPDH and PK of AR in the absence and presence of fructose. (c) ATP and NADH of AR in the absence and presence of fructose. (d) Percent survival of AR in the presence of fructose plus Amp and effect of 3-bromopyruvate and shikonin. Results are displayed as mean ± standard errors of the means (SEM) (N ≥ 3 technical replicates per sample), and statistically significant differences are identified by t-test. *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01. Each experiment was repeated independently at least three times.