Table 1.

Personality trait domains in DSM-5 and ICD-11

Personality trait domain	Diagnostic system	Definition	Main personality features	Personality traits used as topics
Negative affectivity	DSM-5 and ICD-11	Frequent and intense experiences of high levels of a wide range of negative emotions (e.g. anxiety, depression, guilt/shame, worry, anger, etc.), and their behavioral (e.g. self-harm) and interpersonal (e.g. dependency) manifestations	Depressed, pessimistic, remorseful, anxious, worried, submissive, dependent	Depressive, depressing, depressed, depression, overwhelmed, disheartened, dispirited, discouraging, gloomy, glum, downcast, cheerless, dim, hopeless, hopelessness, melancholic, melancholy, dismal, despaired, despair, discouraged, discouraging, despondent, sadness, sad, sorry, remorse, remorseful, unhappy, disconsolate, miserable, oppressed, sunk, sunken, blue, blues, dejected, misery, sorrowful, unlucky, sorrow, spiritless, desolate, grim, sobbing, ripped, cry, crying, weeping, nostalgic, regretful, longing, yearning, homesick, negative, fatalistic, dissatisfaction, dissatisfied, demoralized, disappointing, disappointed, frustrated, frustration, pessimism, pessimistic, resignation, resigned, resign, guilt, pitiful, guilty, anxious, troubled, worrying, vulnerable, moody, emotional, insecure, frightened, afraid, apprehensive, careful, concerned, distress, distressed, fearful, fidgety, restless, scare, scared, uneasy, jumpy, nervy, nervous, shivery, unquiet, worried, worry, jittery, uptight, clutched, disturbing, disturbed, dreading, tensed, tense, sensitive, anguish, shy, spooked, neurotic, edgy, unrestful, unsettled, inadequate, loose, lost, looser, fruitless, useless, weary, blunt, dull, jealous, instability, unstable, oversensitive, hypersensitive, panic, panicky, indecision, indecisive, sentimental, fragile, touchy, whining, complaining, suggestible, hesitating, victimization, victim, influenceable, irresolute, weakness, weak, doubtful, coward, timorous, timid, bashful, submissiveness, submissive
Antagonism/dissociality	DSM-5 and ICD-11	Behaviors that put the individual at odds with other people, including an exaggerated sense of self-importance and a concomitant expectation of special treatment, as well as a callous antipathy toward others, encompassing both unawareness of others’ needs and feelings, and a readiness to use others in the service of self-enhancement	Manipulative, deceitful, grandiose, callous, hostile, violent	Mean, pretentious, impolite, treacherous, unfairness, unfair, hypocritical, grasping, boastful, corrupt, false, lie, liar, lying, dishonest, smug, greedy, haughty, ostent, ostentatious, snob, snobbish, conceited, antagonistic, selfish, rude, coldness, cold, suspiciousness, suspicious, vengeful, revengeful, retaliatory, manipulative, arrogant, callous, grandiosity, grandiose, hostility, hostile, deceitful, exploitative, egocentric, calculating, devious, conniving, unscrupulous, disingenuous, rebuffing, rejective, noncompliant, hesitant, unwilling, disobedience, disobedient, insubordinate, subversive, rebellious, rebel, rebellious, disruptive, defiant, aggression, aggressive, violence, violent, ruthless agitation, agitated, critic, critical. Antagonistic, selfish, fierce, mutinous, explosion, explosive, bossy, authoritarian, hurtful, brusque, choleric, hard, irritable, irritability, rough, provoking, tyrant, tyrannical, egoistic, egotistical, egotist, pitiless, litigious, bellicose, overbearing, oppressive, intolerance, intolerant, angry, irascibility, testiness, testy, tetchy, irascible, quarrelsome, surly, fundamentalist, polemical, dogmatic, extremist, heartless, harsh, vehement, disputatious, roistering, excitable, pompous, pretending, stingy, deceiving, insincere, miserly, avaricious, disloyal, untruthful, venal, gossip, gossipy, malicious, betraying, boasting, flattering, mercenary, sly, vindictive, envious
Disinhibition	DSM-5 and ICD-11	Orientation toward immediate gratification, leading to impulsive behavior driven by current thoughts, feelings, and external stimuli, without regard for past learning or consideration of future consequences	Irresponsible, impulsive, distractible, reckless, thoughtless	Distractible, impetuous, hasty, impatient, reckless, thoughtless, risky, careless, unconscious, foolhardy, daredevil, dare, daring, brash, overbold, impulsive, capricious, immature, feckless, fickle, flighty, harebrained, incautious, lax, scatterbrained, uncareful, unpredictable, sloppy, inefficient, negligent, neglected, laziness, lazy, irresponsible, aimless, unreliable, indolent, licentious, frivolous, untidy, disorderly, languid, idle, inconstant, imprecise, imprudent, irrational, rambling, undisciplined, unreflecting, dissolute, bungling, inaccurate, unfaithful, inattentive, silly, childish, inconsiderate, unwise, inconsequent, unpersevering
Detachment	DSM-5 and ICD-11	Avoidance of socioemotional experience, including both withdrawal from interpersonal interactions (ranging from casual, daily interactions to friendships to intimate relationships) and restricted affective experience and expression, particularly limited hedonic capacity	Detached, unmotivated, insensitive, reserved, avoidant, isolated, aloof	Aloof, retiring, insensitive, withdrawn, avoidant, anhedonic, detached, isolated, reserved, distant, unsociable, remote, unapproachable, uncommunicative, introverted, restrained, retired, retreated, shrinking, disinterested, incurious, indifferent, non-gregarious, offish, recluse, reclusive, silent, solitary, standoffish, taciturn, uncompanionable, unconcerned, undemonstrative, unforthcoming, uninterested, apathetic, diffident, impervious, nonchalant, uncaring, uninvolved, unresponsive, unsympathetic, dispassionate, heedless, listless, nonpartisan, passionless, phlegmatic, scornful, unaroused, unemotional, unmoved, unprejudiced, unsocial, laconic, reticent, curt, unempathetic, dumb, speechless, unexpressive, apart, secluded, away, sequestered, candid, impersonal, lackadaisical
Psychoticism	Only DSM-5	Exhibiting a wide range of culturally incongruent, odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors and cognitions, including both thought process (e.g. perception, dissociation) and content (e.g. beliefs)	Eccentric, abnormal, odd, bizarre, strange, weird	Eccentric, unconventional, zany, madcap, peculiar, odd, strange, bizarre, weird, crazy, extravagant, freak, grotesque, unusual, singular, wild, ludicrous, ridiculous, outlandish, flamboyant, awkward, awry, dowdy, erratic, idiosyncratic, kooky, offbeat, quirky, whimsical, aberrant, nutty, bent, oddball, anomalous, cockeyed, freakish, funky, quaint, quizzical, uncommon, unreasonable
Anankastia	Only ICD-11	Narrow focus on the control and regulation of one’s own and others’ behavior to ensure that things conform to the individual’s particularistic ideal. Traits in this domain include concern with following rules and meeting obligations	Rigid, perfectionist, perseverative, obsessive, stubborn, controlling	Dutiful, disciplined, punctual, scrupulous, neat, persevering, organized, ambitious, meticulous, precise, orderly, industrious, thorough, tidy, studious, perfection, perfectionistic, methodical, rigorous, faultless, inartistic, traditional, conventional, businesslike, systematic, demanding, fussy, exacting, rigid, overproductive, inflexible, moralistic, insistent, flawless, perfect, detailed, intransigent, stern, stringent, stubborn, headstrong, obstinate, fixed, unyielding, bullheaded, changeless, obdurate, strict, stiffness, stiff, choosy, finicky, squeamish, exact, painstaking, obsessive, obsessiveness, punctilious, querulous, stickling