Table 1.

The connection between slum environments and COVID-19 transmission.

Observation and analytical framework				Applying the framework
1. Slum Environments			2. COVID-19	3. CONNECTIONS
Indicators/Criteria			Transmission vulnerability	Case study: Kapuk Urban Village
Kohli et al. (2021)		Minister of Public Works and Public Housing (2016)	Wilkinson (2020)
Environs	Location	[ no equivalent ]	Overall geographical setting and features	Flood prone, causing access and sanitation problems.
	Neighborhood (socio-economic) characteristics	[ no equivalent ]	Degree of inter-personal contact in household and social structures	Flexible and intense movement of people between homes given strong social networks.
		[no equivalent ]	Degree of inter-personal contact in work structures/livelihood imperatives requiring continued work	Most work in the informal sector, involving face-to-face work or other contact, and with incomes equal to or below the minimum wage limiting ability to stop working if infected.
Settlement	Shape (physical layout)	Building, planning, and construction	Standard of ventilation etc between buildings/prevalence of facilities being communal	The area is not well planned with many illegal or temporary buildings that do not meet standards. Much access to potable water, and many toilets are communal.
	Density	Population and building density	Degree of proximity of people, buildings and community facilities	Little or no physical distance among buildings, lack of vegetation and open space.
Objects	Access network	Street material	Degree and form of mobility/access to needs and services and propensity to require close interpersonal contact	Lack of proper access to facilities away from the settlement; poor road conditions; unmaintained facilities and infrastructure.
		Street lighting		Limited, and not well maintained
	Building characteristics	Ventilation	Degree of ventilation within buildings	Small-limited ventilation openings and lack of fresh air given close proximity of other buildings.
		Toilets	Degree of communal sharing of toilets	Both private and public toilets, with poor water treatment system. Use of the public toilets means interactions with others.
		Drainage system	General sanitation levels within buildings	Inadequate disposal of wastewater, highly polluted and non-draining waterways - meaning (variously) pooling of stagnant water and some pollution of the river.
		Waste management
		Clean water management	Degree of communal sharing of water access points/whether water has to be privately purchased	Limited access to clean water direct into homes, meaning much use of public access water points and therefore interactions with others. Some purchase water privately, requiring also a social interaction.

Source: Compiled by authors