Table 2.

Digital overuse/Problematic use rates in reviewed studies.

Citation	Country	Digital overuse/Problematic use rate
Kim et al. (2021)	South Korea	NA
Konok et al. (2021)	Hungary	NA
Madigan et al. (2020)	Canada	87.9%†
Velumani et al. (2021)	India	82.2%†
Coyne et al. (2021)	USA	NA
Lehrl et al. (2021)	Germany	NA
Xie et al. (2020)	China	54.8%†
Tay et al. (2021)	Singapore	29.9%†
Anitha et al. (2021)	India	28.1%*
Suherman et al. (2021)	Indonesia	29.9%*
Cho and Lee (2017)	South Korea	12.2%† (smartphone)
Özyurt et al. (2018)	Turkey	39.6%† (TV)
Jusienė et al. (2020)	Lithuania	48.1%†
Poulain et al. (2018)	Germany	20.0%† (TV)
Baek et al. (2013)	South Korea	28.6%† (Smartphone)
Keefe-Cooperman (2016)	USA	NA
Yalçin et al. (2021a)	Turkey	22.5%*
Chang et al. (2018)	South Korea	63.1%†
Yalçin et al. (2021b)	Turkey	56.7%†
Zhao et al. (2018)	China	78.6%†
Beyens and Nathanson (2019)	Netherlands	NA
Collings et al. (2018)	UK	62.0%†
Cox et al. (2012)	Australian	NA
Sijtsma et al. (2015)	Netherlands	NA
Li et al. (2021)	Australian	NA
Hutton et al. (2020)	USA	NA
Cheung et al. (2017)	UK	NA
Gülay Ogelman et al. (2018)	Turkey	NA
McDaniel and Radesky (2020)	USA	47.1%† (TV)
McNeill et al. (2019)	Australian	23.8%† (App)
van den Heuvel et al. (2019)	Canada	22.4%† (Mobile media devices)
Lin et al. (2020)	China	NA
Borajy et al. (2019)	Saudi Arabia	NA
Lan et al. (2020)	China	73.9%†
Moon et al. (2019)	South Korea	39.30%†
Nathanson and Beyens (2018)	Netherlands	NA
Average		48.34%† (Overuse)
		26.83%* (Problematic use)

^†The rate of digital overuse is reported based on WHO (2019) and American Academy of Pediatrics (2001) media use guidelines of less than an hour of screen time per day. ^*The rate of problematic use is reported based on the report of the article.