Table 3.
Quality assessment.
| Study name | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | Q11 | Q12 | Q13 | Q14 | Total score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross-sectional studies | |||||||||||||||
| Al-Yahya et al. (2016) | 1 | 0 | CD | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | 1 | NA | 1 | NA | NA | 1 | 5/10 |
| Hawkins et al. (2018) | 1 | 0 | CD | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | 1 | NA | 1 | NA | NA | 1 | 5/10 |
| Liu et al. (2018) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | NA | 1 | NA | NA | 1 | 8/11 |
| Mori et al. (2018) | 1 | 0 | CD | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | 1 | NA | 1 | NA | NA | 1 | 5/10 |
| Chatterjee et al. (2019) | 1 | 0 | CD | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | NA | 1 | NA | NA | 1 | 6/11 |
| Hermand et al. (2019) | 1 | 0 | CD | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | NA | 1 | NA | NA | 1 | 5/11 |
| Hermand et al. (2020) | 1 | 0 | CD | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | NA | 1 | NA | NA | 1 | 5/11 |
| Lim et al. (2022) | 1 | 0 | CD | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | NA | 1 | NA | NA | 1 | 6/11 |
| Controlled intervention studies | |||||||||||||||
| Clark et al. (2021) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | CD | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 11/14 |
| Collett et al. (2021) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | CD | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 11/14 |
CD, cannot determine; NA, not applicable.