TABLE 1.
Patient Sociodemographic, Disease, Psychosocial, and Pain Factors (n = 700)
| Parameter | No. (%) | |
|
| ||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 59 (15.3) | |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 436 (62.3) | |
| Male | 264 (37.7) | |
| Education | ||
| ≤High school | 95 (13.6) | |
| Some college | 207 (29.6) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 182 (26.0) | |
| Master’s degree | 126 (18.0) | |
| Doctorate | 80 (11.4) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | 454 (65.6) | |
| African American | 23 (3.3) | |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 6 (0.90) | |
| Asian | 90 (13.0) | |
| Other race | 35 (5.1) | |
| Hispanic | 84 (12.1) | |
| Disease type | ||
| Breast | 141 (20.1) | |
| Hematologic/lymph | 109 (15.6) | |
| Bone/connective tissue | 72 (10.3) | |
| Colorectal | 66 (9.4) | |
| Brain/CNS | 53 (7.6) | |
| Genital (male) | 43 (6.1) | |
| Thoracic | 43 (6.1) | |
| Urologic | 38 (5.4) | |
| Genital (female) | 34 (4.9) | |
| Head/neck | 31 (4.4) | |
| Unknown | 27 (3.9) | |
| Liver | 22 (3.1) | |
| Melanoma | 21 (3.0) | |
| Prognosis | ||
| Good prognosis | 209 (29.9) | |
| Poor prognosis | 382 (54.6) | |
| Hematologic/lymph | 108 (15.4) | |
| Medications | ||
| Gabapentinoid use | 179 (25.6) | |
| Antidepressant use | 185 (26.4) | |
| Anxiolytic use | 121 (17.3) | |
| Opioid use | 398 (56.9) | |
| Aberrant opioid use behaviors | ||
| “Taking more than prescribed” | 23 (3.3) | |
| ‘Changing the dosing frequency” | 25 (3.6) | |
| “Stockpiling medications for a rainy day” | 9 (1.3) | |
| “Getting additional pills from friends and family” | 4 (0.6) | |
| Currently smoking | 33 (4.4) | |
|
| ||
| Mean | SD | |
|
| ||
| Pain variables | ||
| Average pain intensity | 5.42 | 2.329 |
| Pain interference | 62.82 | 7.721 |
| Psychosocial variables | ||
| Emotional support | 50.52 | 9.420 |
| Social isolation | 45.69 | 9.006 |
| Satisfactional roles | 43.41 | 9.139 |
| Depression | 52.67 | 9.779 |
| Anxiety | 53.90 | 9.704 |
| Sleep impairment | 54.94 | 9.389 |
| Sleep disturbance | 55.19 | 9.146 |
| Anger | 48.26 | 9.966 |
| Fatigue | 57.52 | 9.399 |
| Pain catastrophizing | 20.37 | 12.335 |
Abbreviations: CNS, central nervous system; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; SD, standard deviation.
Psychosocial variables were measured with the PROMIS scales and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale. The pain intensity was measured with an 11-point numerical rating scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). The aberrant drug-taking behavior scale was adapted from the Potential Aberrant Drug-Related Behavior section of the Pain Assessment and Documentation Tool42: “Are you taking your opioid pain medications any differently than prescribed by your doctor?” (0 = no; 1 = yes).