Table 1.
The clinical and demographic characteristics of the ACS patients with/without NOAF.
| Characteristics | Training cohort | Validation cohort | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-NOAFN = 1409 | NOAF N = 126 | P value | Non-NOAFN = 1535 | NOAF N = 100 | P value | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 65.0 (56.0, 73.0) | 75.5 (68.0, 80.0) | <0.01 | 66.0 (57.0, 74.0) | 73.0 (65.5, 79.0) | <0.01 |
| Gender (n (%)) | 0.21 | 0.09 | ||||
| Male | 1034 (73.4) | 86 (68.3) | 1077 (70.2) | 62 (62.0) | ||
| Female | 375 (26.6) | 40 (31.7) | 458 (29.8) | 38 (38.0) | ||
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 24.2 (21.8, 27.0) | 24.8 (22.0, 27.8) | 0.47 | 24.2 (22.2, 26.5) | 24.1 (20.6, 26.2) | 0.17 |
| ACS subtypes | 0.50 | 0.88 | ||||
| UA | 759 (53.9) | 61 (48.4) | 1211 (78.9) | 77 (77) | ||
| NSTEMI | 226 (16.0) | 22 (17.5) | 120 (7.8) | 8 (8) | ||
| STEMI | 424 (30.1) | 43 (34.1) | 204 (13.3) | 15 (15) | ||
| Length of stay (days) | 6 (5, 8) | 7 (5, 1) | <0.01 | 7 (6, 8) | 7 (6, 10) | <0.01 |
| Physical examination at admission | ||||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 78.0 (70.0, 88.0) | 87.5 (74.0, 102.0) | <0.01 | 75.0 (68.0, 83.0) | 78.5 (70.0, 89.5) | <0.01 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 130.0 (118.0, 145.0) | 125.0 (110.0, 140.0) | 0.01 | 130.0 (117.0, 144.0) | 127.0 (114.0, 140.5) | 0.10 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.0 (70.0, 86.0) | 74.0 (67.0, 85.0) | 0.10 | 74.0 (66.0, 82.0) | 72.0 (63.5, 84.0) | 0.26 |
| Killip classification (n (%)) | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
| I | 885 (62.8) | 31 (24.6) | 262 (17.1) | 7 (7.0) | ||
| II, III, IV | 524 (37.2) | 95 (75.4) | 1273 (82.9) | 93 (93.0) | ||
| Comorbidities (n (%)) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 794 (56.4) | 80 (63.5) | 0.12 | 957 (62.3) | 59 (59.0) | 0.50 |
| Diabetes | 475 (33.7) | 45 (35.7) | 0.65 | 411 (26.8) | 24 (24.0) | 0.54 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 57 (4.0) | 25 (19.8) | <0.01 | 39 (2.5) | 5 (5.0) | 0.14 |
| Cerebral infarction | 59 (4.2) | 9 (7.1) | 0.12 | 146 (9.5) | 21 (21.0) | <0.01 |
| COPD | 24 (1.7) | 6 (4.8) | 0.02 | 62 (4.0) | 7 (7.0) | 0.15 |
| CRI | 36 (2.6) | 16 (12.7) | <0.01 | 57 (3.7) | 2 (2.0) | 0.37 |
| Medications during hospitalization (n (%)) | ||||||
| Statins | 1232 (87.4) | 89 (70.6) | <0.01 | 1481 (96.5) | 96 (96.0) | 0.80 |
| Aspirin | 1194 (84.7) | 78 (61.9) | <0.01 | 1360 (88.6) | 67 (67.0) | <0.01 |
| Clopidogrel | 901 (63.9) | 82 (65.1) | 0.80 | 1049 (68.3) | 73 (73.0) | 0.33 |
| β-blocker | 893 (63.4) | 63 (50.0) | <0.01 | 1054 (68.7) | 77 (77.0) | 0.08 |
| ACEI | 530 (37.6) | 44 (34.9) | 0.55 | 796 (51.9) | 68 (68.0) | <0.01 |
| Biochemical examination | ||||||
| Abnormal cardiac troponin (n (%)) | 650 (46.1) | 65 (51.6) | 0.24 | 324 (21.1) | 23 (23.0) | 0.65 |
| BNP (pg/ml) | 80.6 (28.2, 261.0) | 432.0 (134.0, 1100.0) | <0.01 | 46.0 (16.0, 162.0) | 179.5 (82.6, 413.0) | <0.01 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 3.3 (1.4, 10.9) | 7.4 (2.0, 12.5) | <0.01 | 1.9 (0.8, 11.1) | 1.4 (0.8, 7.6) | 0.14 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) | <0.01 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.7) | 0.4 (0.2, 1.4) | <0.01 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 2.8 (2.3, 3.5) | 3.0 (2.5, 3.8) | 0.02 | 2.9 (2.4, 3.6) | 3.1 (2.6, 4.1) | 0.04 |
| WBC (109/L) | 7.1 (5.6, 9.0) | 6.9 (5.6, 10.2) | 0.70 | 6.3 (5.2, 7.8) | 6.9 (5.3, 8.9) | 0.03 |
| Neutrophils (109/L) | 4.6 (3.4, 6.6) | 4.9 (3.5, 8.1) | 0.16 | 4.0 (3.0, 5.3) | 4.5 (3.3, 6.6) | <0.01 |
| Lymphocyte (109/L) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | <0.01 | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.6) | <0.01 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 189.0 (152.0, 231.0) | 160.0 (125.0, 205.0) | <0.01 | 180.0 (145.0, 220.0) | 170.0 (126.0, 206.0) | 0.02 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 135.0 (123.0, 147.0) | 131.0 (118.0, 140.0) | <0.01 | 129.0 (117.0, 141.0) | 124.0 (109.5, 138.0) | 0.03 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.9) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.5) | <0.01 | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | <0.01 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 64.9 (61.2, 68.1) | 64.2 (60.3, 68.0) | 0.21 | 63.9 (60.4, 67.8) | 64.3 (58.9, 68.8) | 0.70 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 38.0 (35.8, 40.2) | 35.7 (33.5, 39.2) | <0.01 | 40.5 (38.1, 42.9) | 39.3 (36.5, 42.7) | 0.03 |
| GFR (ml·min−1·l−1) | 87.9 (72.7, 97.0) | 75.7 (52.5, 89.2) | <0.01 | 84.1 (68.0, 95.0) | 73.3 (53.5, 84.7) | <0.01 |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 76.0 (65.1, 90.0) | 81.4 (68.0, 109.2) | <0.01 | 78.2 (66.9, 92.1) | 85.0 (72.3, 105.7) | <0.01 |
| Echocardiography | ||||||
| LAD (mm) | 36.0 (33.0, 39.0) | 42.0 (38.0, 47.0) | <0.01 | 34.0 (32.0, 37.0) | 41.0 (36.5, 46.0) | <0.01 |
| RAD (mm) | 35.0 (32.0, 37.0) | 38.5 (35.0, 46.0) | <0.01 | 35.0 (33.0, 36.0) | 38.0 (36.0, 43.0) | <0.01 |
| LVEF (%) | 59.0 (53.0, 64.0) | 52.5 (42.0, 60.0) | <0.01 | 63.0 (59.0, 67.0) | 62.0 (57.5, 67.0) | 0.25 |
| PCI (n (%)) | 758 (53.8) | 33 (26.2) | <0.01 | 694 (45.2) | 26 (26.0) | <0.01 |
Entries are n (%) for categorical variables and median (5th percentile–75th percentile) for continuous variables as appropriate. ACS, Acute coronary syndrome; NOAF, new-onset atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRI, chronic renal insufficiency; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; WBC, white blood cell; TG, triglyceride; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; LAD, left atrial diameter; RAD, right atrial diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.