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. 2023 Feb 7;55(2):313–324. doi: 10.1038/s12276-023-00940-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — MSC therapy has been emerging as a promising strategy for counteracting obesity and its related complications. Autologous and allogenic stem cells can be used for MSC therapy; however, obese-derived autologous MSC may be therapeutically ineffective due to compromised potency. Among various benefits, MSC treatment increases adiponectin and reduces leptin levels, thereby re-establishing the adipokine balance in subjects with obesity. Since adipokines exert a variety of effects on inflammation, metabolism, and energy expenditure, normalization of serum adipokines is hypothesized to contribute to other therapeutic benefits of MSC, including improvements in the metabolic profiles of glucose and lipids decrease in adipogenesis, amelioration of adipose tissue inflammation and remodeling, and prevention of obesity-induced metabolic complications. Furthermore, restoration of the adipokine profile may retrain MSC and restore their normal functions, which in turn can reverse the progression of obesity.