Table 1.

Effects of leptin on the lifespan and functional properties of MSC.

Type	Experimental conditions	Effect of leptin on MSC	Reference
Differentiation	Healthy BM-MSC overexpressing leptin or treated with exogenous leptin	Inhibited adipogenesis but promoted osteogenesis	45,47
	Osteoporotic rat-derived BM-MSC stimulated with leptin	Failed to induce osteogenesis	48,49
	HFD obese mouse-derived BM-MSC	High serum leptin levels inhibited osteogenesis but promoted adipogenesis	50
Cell survival, proliferation, and senescence	BM-MSC preconditioned with hypoxia	Leptin upregulation by hypoxia conferred survival advantages to MSC by activating autophagy	53
	BM-MSC overexpressing leptin	Decreased apoptosis under hypoxic and serum deprivation culture conditions; increased viability upon transplantation	55
	UM-MSC treated with leptin or serum from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients	Long-term treatment with leptin or SLE serum containing high levels of leptin-induced cell senescence.	56
	ob/ob mice treated with leptin	Leptin treatment increased the yield of MSC in the adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction and enhanced the expression of MCP-1 in adipose tissue and in ob/ob mouse-derived MSC	58
Therapeutic effects	BM-MSC preconditioned with hypoxia	Hypoxia-induced endogenous leptin expression was required to enhance the cardioprotective effects of MSCs	54
	BM-MSC overexpressing leptin	Enhanced the protective efficacy against myocardial infarction	55