Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with TRD and their matched controls in the cohort study.
| Patients without TRD | Patients with TRD | p value | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 16253 | N = 4349 | |||
| Age (mean, SD) | 46.10 (17.37) | 46.64 (17.72) | 0.073 | 0.031 |
| Male (N, %) | 4157 (25.6) | 1104 (25.4) | 0.812 | 0.004 |
| Any history of physical disorders (N, %) | 3589 (22.1) | 1052 (24.2) | 0.003a | 0.050 |
| Obesity (N, %) | 198 (1.2) | 50 (1.1) | 0.772 | 0.006 |
| Type II diabetes (N, %) | 1052 (6.5) | 287 (6.6) | 0.790 | 0.005 |
| Hypertension (N, %) | 1907 (11.7) | 587 (13.5) | 0.002a | 0.053 |
| Cardiovascular diseases (N, %) | 1749 (10.8) | 571 (13.1) | <0.001a | 0.073 |
| Any tumours (N, %) | 699 (4.3) | 186 (4.3) | 0.979 | 0.001 |
| Any history of psychiatric conditions (N, %) | 2838 (17.5) | 761 (17.5) | 0.973 | 0.001 |
| ADHD (N, %) | 57 (0.4) | 10 (0.2) | 0.275 | 0.022 |
| Autism (N, %) | 12 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) | 0.326 | 0.020 |
| Psychosis (N, %) | 853 (5.2) | 154 (3.5) | <0.001a | 0.083 |
| Epilepsy (N, %) | 193 (1.2) | 49 (1.1) | 0.802 | 0.006 |
| Anxiety disorder (N, %) | 787 (4.8) | 248 (5.7) | 0.023a | 0.039 |
| Personality disorder (N, %) | 289 (1.8) | 90 (2.1) | 0.228 | 0.021 |
| Substance use disorder (N, %) | 609 (3.7) | 182 (4.2) | 0.197 | 0.022 |
| Dementia (N, %) | 162 (1.0) | 71 (1.6) | 0.001a | 0.056 |
| Bipolar disorder (N, %) | 191 (1.2) | 32 (0.7) | 0.016a | 0.045 |
| OCD (N, %) | 96 (0.6) | 28 (0.6) | 0.770 | 0.007 |
| Eating disorder (N, %) | 43 (0.3) | 12 (0.3) | 1.000 | 0.002 |
| Follow-up time (mean days, SD) | 1265 (606) | 1250 (621) | 0.161 | 0.024 |
ADHD Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, OCD Obsessive-compulsive disorder, SD Standard deviation, SMD Standardised mean difference, TRD Treatment-resistant depression.
aSignificant at 0.05 between TRD and non-TRD groups using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests.