Table 2.
Characteristics of cases and controls in the nested case-control study.
| Without autoimmune disease development | With autoimmune disease development | p value | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls, N = 2250 | Cases, N = 225 | |||
| Age (mean, SD) | 53.65 (18.75) | 53.65 (18.75) | 1.000 | <0.001 |
| Male (N, %) | 520 (23.1) | 52 (23.1) | 1.000 | <0.001 |
| Any history of physical disorders (N, %) | 690 (30.7) | 69 (30.7) | 1.000 | <0.001 |
| Obesity (N, %) | 28 (1.2) | 5 (2.2) | 0.361 | 0.075 |
| Type II diabetes (N, %) | 196 (8.7) | 23 (10.2) | 0.524 | 0.052 |
| Hypertension (N, %) | 396 (17.6) | 31 (13.8) | 0.176 | 0.105 |
| Any cardiovascular diseases (N, %) | 352 (15.6) | 34 (15.1) | 0.909 | 0.015 |
| Any tumours (N, %) | 135 (6.0) | 16 (7.1) | 0.605 | 0.045 |
| Any history of psychiatric conditions (N, %) | 404 (18.0) | 40 (17.8) | 1.000 | 0.005 |
| ADHD (N, %) | 8 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 1.000 | 0.014 |
| Autism (N, %) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.4) | 0.648 | 0.069 |
| Psychosis (N, %) | 129 (5.7) | 13 (5.9) | 1.000 | 0.005 |
| Epilepsy (N, %) | 34 (1.5) | 2 (0.9) | 0.652 | 0.057 |
| Anxiety disorder (N, %) | 135 (6.0) | 14 (6.2) | 1.000 | 0.009 |
| Personality disorder (N, %) | 34 (1.5) | 2 (0.9) | 0.652 | 0.057 |
| Substance use disorder (N, %) | 70 (3.1) | 6 (2.7) | 0.868 | 0.027 |
| Dementia (N, %) | 35 (1.6) | 6 (2.7) | 0.331 | 0.077 |
| Bipolar disorder (N, %) | 19 (0.8) | 4 (1.8) | 0.305 | 0.082 |
| OCD (N, %) | 9 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 1.000 | 0.007 |
| Eating disorder (N, %) | 5 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | 1.000 | 0.039 |
| Depression duration (mean days, SD) | 882 (670) | 877 (674) | 0.916 | 0.007 |
| TRD development (N, %) | 212 (9.4) | 32 (14.2) | 0.029a | 0.149 |
ADHD Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, OCD Obsessive-compulsive disorder, SD Standard deviation, SMD Standardised mean difference, TRD Treatment-resistant depression.
aSignificant at 0.05 between TRD and non-TRD groups using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests.