Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants (n = 131)
| Clinical characteristics | |
| Female | 65 (49.6) |
| Age (years) | 46.4 ± 10.3 |
| Premature CVD in first-degree relatives* | 25 (19.1) |
| Active smoking habit | 36 (27.5) |
| Cumulative smoking (pack-years) | 0 (0–12.5) |
| Hypertension | 38 (29.0) |
| SBP (mmHg) | 126 ± 16 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80 ± 8 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9 ± 4.1 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 90 ± 12 |
| Women | 85 ± 11 |
| Men | 95 ± 11 |
| T1D duration (years) | 27.0 ± 9.5 |
| Diabetic kidney disease | 18 (13.7) |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 49 (37.4) |
| CSII therapy | 55 (42.0) |
| Laboratory characteristics | |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 151 ± 66 |
| Haemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.5 ± 0.9 |
| Mean haemoglobin A1c in the last 5 years (%) | 7.7 ± 0.9 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.82 ± 0.17 |
| eGFR (CKD-EPI; ml/min/1.73 m2) | 97.8 ± 15.9 |
| ALT (UI/L) | 22 ± 11 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 188 ± 32 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 60 ± 16 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 111 ± 24 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 70 (54–90) |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 128 ± 28 |
| Remnant cholesterol (mg/dL) | 14 (11–18) |
| Total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio | 3.30 ± 0.89 |
| Fatty liver index | 24.8 (11.5–54.7) |
| eGDR (mg/kg/min) | 8.92 (6.65–10.21) |
| Pharmacological treatment | |
| Statins | 62 (47.3) |
| ACEi/ARB | 44 (33.6) |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 8 (6.1) |
Data are shown as n (percentage), mean ± SD or median (Q1–Q3)
ACEi angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ALT alanine aminotransferase, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, BMI body mass index, CVD cardiovascular disease, CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, DBP diastolic blood pressure, eGDR estimated glucose disposal rate, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, T1D type 1 diabetes
*Defined as < 55 years in men and < 65 years in women